Wikipedia lgwiki https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olupapula_Olusooka MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5642 58736 58711 2026-07-04T12:31:04Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] 73fxpto87oh3f6t106ev4rch14p3zlu 58737 58736 2026-07-04T12:34:39Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, Anatoli Kamugisha, nnannyini kkampuni ya Akright Projects Limited, yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> hmqj00m4ucrr3pxf4wopup8g2iubujl 58738 58737 2026-07-04T12:36:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> 5mnjcek8i9yw515dtkz4naqkv6j7yhj 58739 58738 2026-07-04T12:39:20Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> 9h4e1gg6gbo7ewx79ciuaxr6t3qes6n 58740 58739 2026-07-04T12:39:48Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == ivyo9js6wye5jf2r0oa5tu8odqd2ibg 58741 58740 2026-07-04T12:40:22Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru 7jcjbx7d75898fqe7g185kjr9hleixn 58742 58741 2026-07-04T12:40:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == 4rh1qsvf9eeb1z0uuw46udz1xyiablq 58743 58742 2026-07-04T12:41:19Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright 2h6tfz0ftbvwh3qt1wh019w6gn44bx5 58744 58743 2026-07-04T12:41:45Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == 9kwl4wh1wtcqknuy7tej5l6n2hgqgix 58745 58744 2026-07-04T12:42:00Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwawandiiko ebikozesebwa == 5wmamprwspo90qu08kg8b10xj4l52cf 58746 58745 2026-07-04T12:42:15Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwaandiiko ebikozesebwa == ktw02xoslcn3idmdkz1bq4aeusl29xb 58747 58746 2026-07-04T12:42:31Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == 31e40ofh92s44rkxi4zd81bcv66eeu6 58748 58747 2026-07-04T12:42:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebiyungo eby’ebweru == qcg2cytudsk2w9eas830hd4ttkm5vxa 58749 58748 2026-07-04T12:43:12Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwayungo eby’ebweru == nwicv1rqs9tvcgan5rfwgvjaget1h49 58750 58749 2026-07-04T12:43:36Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwaungo eby’ebweru == 13ddqrf5oro1hbzpm6e1k1f6b0q90ua 58751 58750 2026-07-04T12:43:54Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwango eby’ebweru == hm53ejsohw1tuuhjhnhj67uloivre7r 58752 58751 2026-07-04T12:44:50Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa eby’ebweru == obwoqeg0phgy549jwghnjaj2h2b35ei 58753 58752 2026-07-04T12:45:05Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa bweru == iphlyj0mzcaw406o9prlmiyy73y8vwf 58754 58753 2026-07-04T12:45:35Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == 00ezegc6cfmsetr6eb7s8cwnoa3946m 58755 58754 2026-07-04T12:46:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * Eby'amayumba mu Uganda byolekedde okukulaakulana mu 2015 * Okussa ensonga z’obutonde bw’ensi mu nkulaakulana y’amayumba: Okuggya eby’okuyiga okuva mu Akright Kakungulu Housing Estates * Engeri gy’oyinza okugula ennyumba okuva mu ba agenti g3vwq1ojecb10u4c2d5n1h05hkxzzza 58756 58755 2026-07-04T12:49:08Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320716767|Akright City]]" 58756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akright City''' kitundu ekibeeramu bantu mu [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Wakiso]] mu [[masekkati ga Uganda]] . == Gyesangibwa == Ekibuga Akright kyetooloddwa ''oluguudo lw'e Namugongo'' okudda mu bukiikakkono, ekitundu ky’e Bwebajja n’oluguudo lwa Kampala–Entebbe mu buvanjuba, Namulanda mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba, Palm Valley Golf and Country Club mu bugwanjuba, n’ekitundu kya Sekiwunga ne Entebbe–Kampala Expressway okudda mu bugwanjuba. Ensengeka z'ekitundu kino ze zino:0°10'21.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:0.172504; Longitude:32.518333).<ref>{{google maps|accessdate=26 April 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B010'21.0%22N+32%C2%B031'06.0%22E/@0.1650189,32.5268703,2950m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Akright City, Wakiso District, Uganda}}</ref> Ekitundu kino kisangibwa 21 kilometres (13 mi), obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bw’ekibuga [[Entebbe]], ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okumpi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Entebbe, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Entebbe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJswrCU7eGfRcRFCzMdcNQpaQ&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Kino kiri nga 20 kilometres (12 mi), mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta ga [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=26 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kampala Road, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda and Akright City, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Akright%20City%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJaZBX8m-afRcRLrbFH1wyqVY |access-date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == [[File:Kampala_2009-08-27_10-45-02.JPG|thumb|Oluguudo olugenda mu kibuga Akright]] Mu 2002, [[Anatoli Kamugisha]], nnannyini kkampuni ya [[Akright Projects Limited]], yafuna sikweya mayiro bbiri (yiika 1,300), ezaali eza famire y’omugenzi Badru Kakunglu. Akright olwo n’ekola dizayini y’ekitundu ekyeyimirizaawo eky’ebitundu ebitonotono kkumi na bibiri, nga bikuŋŋaanyiziddwa okusinziira ku bbeeyi y’amayumba mu kitundu ekiriraanyewo. Enkulaakulana eno erimu amasomero, ebizimbe by’amaduuka, eddwaaliro, supamaketi, kiraabu ya Golf n’ekisaawe kya Golf. <ref>{{cite web |last=Opus |first=Samson |date=7 October 2014 |title=Independence Golf at Palm Valley |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311715/independence-golf-palm-valley |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Ekibanja kino kigaziwa buli kiseera, ng’enkulaakulana esembayo etegekeddwa mu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |last=Kayizzi |first=Ricks |date=3 July 2006 |title=Museveni to launch Akright Kakungulu Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122651/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1145531/museveni-launch-akright-kakungulu-project |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2016 |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Kisambira |first=Edris |date=17 April 2006 |title=Uganda: Shelter Afrique, Akright in $8.5m Housing Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200604190386.html |access-date=26 April 2016 |newspaper=[[East African Business Week]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda * Ebibanja bya Nakawa–Naguru == Ebifaananyi == * Okuwaayo ekitundu ku kibuga Akright == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * Eby'amayumba mu Uganda byolekedde okukulaakulana mu 2015 * Okussa ensonga z’obutonde bw’ensi mu nkulaakulana y’amayumba: Okuggya eby’okuyiga okuva mu Akright Kakungulu Housing Estates * Engeri gy’oyinza okugula ennyumba okuva mu ba agenti {{Wakiso District}} 8z3ya6htgoa26377ap1o7cl1yeh0s7n 0 5700 58764 58630 2026-07-04T13:05:39Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] dmnjughebwr26nrx0t3gjiehvltpk8u 58765 58764 2026-07-04T13:06:58Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] h2nn72v8fh5puhwkjy6g90m174uohtz 58767 58765 2026-07-04T13:09:09Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique ne Tanzania era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] jyqqvonwao76sirof69grozvu84ii8w 58769 58767 2026-07-04T13:10:00Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebiyungo 58769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, Malawi, [[Mozambique]] ne Tanzania era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 4q2x7ajxxakh8qkg76e0dp66q02ofy1 58771 58769 2026-07-04T13:10:42Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebiyungo 58771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] b0p4jrzdrjdlkxvb13bijx8dnpqupro 58775 58771 2026-07-04T13:14:44Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abaluyani. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] gx74d6ujd1d746ants8de4w6z23uj2o 58777 58775 2026-07-04T13:15:35Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abaluyani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] t6o5brxot743c5xtryv49uyopmup1mu 58779 58777 2026-07-04T13:19:29Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.[1][2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 7yt4d2bfqdsd44mdwi0bbt6bj0v4w25 58780 58779 2026-07-04T13:20:18Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] mk8mnsjxc8neiz0n17wpdwf4mu0jxy2 58781 58780 2026-07-04T13:22:39Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 /* Ebijuliziddwa */ 58781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 4ca6by79r4if8upiad2sm26x4o2uxzn 58782 58781 2026-07-04T13:24:10Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Southern Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),[1] era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.[2] Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne Angola, kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] p69zm6rth0if5s4pxsjd22swscdy2qg 58784 58782 2026-07-04T13:25:34Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] nd71a16lieyehz4ysx2ksrwf32rgn4p 58785 58784 2026-07-04T13:26:37Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] p2co88x6gopmnp71nwwrmjioe02oz2j 58786 58785 2026-07-04T13:27:31Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] r02evnths2t3lj3199dtdop2h7hfvwt 58787 58786 2026-07-04T13:28:29Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 9pssdtjgbdugr83fygr232brwoet9u3 58788 58787 2026-07-04T13:29:10Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] fszyk7rffse5k3uv5o5zzduylcvfjgi 58789 58788 2026-07-04T13:31:26Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 8yzuxxrg32bzk6rpm1siwmklb084riu 58790 58789 2026-07-04T13:32:01Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] p5lufmadigayc4ujouze1e35eppzmww 58792 58790 2026-07-04T13:35:27Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 8mc54uap9nqd38g2rwjozy44ot7nk2g 58793 58792 2026-07-04T13:36:40Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu omutwe 58793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] a027znsrwtqi962u9l58bwlbuieuvqm 58796 58793 2026-07-04T13:37:47Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland kyagatta wamu Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] mekcfyrgtm6seq86to6qrc8jpuqduzk 58799 58796 2026-07-04T13:39:35Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 58799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] i4mpb1dk7em75ovlx7sy5kbhr0aa9td 58801 58799 2026-07-04T13:40:11Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] bsqodb2zo0a8k0yfwarhmuy7rpy1l74 58803 58801 2026-07-04T13:41:28Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu omutwe 58803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 5jl4kdzazro6fg5ihrgefg8unvyrzhe 58807 58803 2026-07-04T13:43:47Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] fg9ch16jj8v7gm31i0c6stgmnnai4o5 58809 58807 2026-07-04T13:45:05Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] kdkphi8yl571ftdvl2dkz52okjzfyqh 58811 58809 2026-07-04T13:46:32Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.[1] Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.[2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] pdvd2qsfpg4lj5hma4vw7g1u2g240zv 58813 58811 2026-07-04T13:47:58Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] p0p604ltyrm1oorglg916eu13auktu1 58817 58813 2026-07-04T13:52:37Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.[1] Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] gfm4ag102n58v4jk5qo41aj3y8kz3fx 58818 58817 2026-07-04T13:53:26Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] gkjie2ulckou0rhhmesb6ex33ozjdbi 58819 58818 2026-07-04T13:58:30Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 0fvscmmjb5aqvku09orzfjz1styoaxy 58820 58819 2026-07-04T13:59:45Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ci155ugo5e0jl53hfcbt036v0p599xs 58896 58820 2026-07-04T18:46:20Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ag2t0sgkzipu5dwrfo1a7uv4flnhs1m 58897 58896 2026-07-04T18:50:09Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 7kdienezujjj1t71z1dxythi46quxch 58898 58897 2026-07-04T18:51:39Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyafugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa Namibia byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamu[1] era ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu Angola, lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] f7d6519hn8zedjftd8jrz0tvxrjkioa 58899 58898 2026-07-04T19:00:59Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 8tk5g3d06fz3pkomu7mfa39rk9aomuu 58900 58899 2026-07-04T19:03:40Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 6qqcj3au4j2x0s485s3s2lkoqtq0k13 58901 58900 2026-07-04T19:04:52Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] q7akcav5fncg1zoe3kf3slu8xpj9g3i 58902 58901 2026-07-04T19:11:46Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu omutwe 58902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] gyajb51ynmqpnvk4vdl1pyzi2r4r15g 58903 58902 2026-07-04T19:13:10Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.[1][2] Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] nakn6iv62wxlbsjml9rqpzfdevt926f 58904 58903 2026-07-04T19:13:59Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] czjt5nn3cuxogby7yuejb6b27pqejed 58905 58904 2026-07-04T19:15:30Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 9fvx6s363sxdaqbqu6b54xte5j2dkum 58906 58905 2026-07-04T19:17:23Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] c053644yjstrhcjpwg28gpur2me7bf7 58907 58906 2026-07-04T19:18:36Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 58907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 5c8wemuec80a2maptcmvtgp3s32k7dv 58908 58907 2026-07-04T19:20:14Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.[1] Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] p557kowzybu5zdk2cj3j01btr3k22g7 58909 58908 2026-07-04T19:21:02Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] p78wa5g1ujcn9460n1jvfl0rkemgmzh 58910 58909 2026-07-04T19:24:07Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omuwendo gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Janwali 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.[1] Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.[2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] q0dlhh3mtit444yi3r0curlyqta142p 58911 58910 2026-07-04T19:27:33Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ah30nbohfsq8x2iskci5qnon07p1hsb 58912 58911 2026-07-04T19:29:02Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.[1] Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.[2][3] Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.[4] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] kh4oxgctplq62t3e81oz7ulgpdijj58 58913 58912 2026-07-04T19:30:13Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] j1q7mr7feyfuvopae9sc5a03quxlalm 58914 58913 2026-07-04T19:33:06Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] fo2540npv7r80rtzky3qgglbw646tgr 58915 58914 2026-07-04T19:38:16Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] hmql3h6ng3xma9j9ljps8wsn5pgan48 58917 58915 2026-07-04T19:44:21Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanidde abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera n'ab'amawulire.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] jjqau6ig3veesszrlkj6ma3us7nnwvv 58918 58917 2026-07-04T19:45:17Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 58918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera n'ab'amawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 20iw1hlj4oykqoawju1gjqhjpsm6ooo 58922 58918 2026-07-04T19:50:49Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu tebikkirizibwa mu Zambia. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] iawnikmvh60nw5soz0k7844040qf8dh 58925 58922 2026-07-04T19:52:35Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.[1][2] Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.[3] Mu Ddesemba 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.[4] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] r56kyp8782f6g22ucjngdvz42ui7fxt 58927 58925 2026-07-04T19:54:13Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] sagszikvtqhk66m8uuhl4m2yheos7a6 58940 58927 2026-07-04T20:34:36Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa. [1][2][3] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 410oyqb3605eu8t5ifpxyivvnfoq2ji 58941 58940 2026-07-04T20:35:23Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] jzaqejtwtmkdjps4j9wksdwecbdduqc 58942 58941 2026-07-04T20:37:16Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 58942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 6dfo3i1zwqkj34guyoj2t8qsu6gz633 58943 58942 2026-07-04T20:39:53Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkono bw’Obuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 9053m1rz9ng1bqo3mec7p0h1au8qlua 58944 58943 2026-07-04T20:42:21Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyonddemu ekiba 58944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02). == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] h9hx8e33lpmcv0nlq7ceist4gbu2a8d 58945 58944 2026-07-04T20:43:03Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] cq4pdr0z0mc1fs7d0y5f3rwc0g3x8ab 58946 58945 2026-07-04T20:46:57Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] eiuqz3117m8osu8fi33utwted02nu57 58947 58946 2026-07-04T20:54:47Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 58947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] o28c5om3fr1sxqethky3emzy7wgptyp 58948 58947 2026-07-04T20:59:14Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 58948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,[1][2] wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.[1] Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] as4k8mpoyavr69pjai1v71hy1dj9334 58949 58948 2026-07-04T21:01:19Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] k3o49jnqpvomxl2bop9owvne09b1yxq 58950 58949 2026-07-04T21:06:32Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 58950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.[1] Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.[1] Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.[1] Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.[3] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] o7szqkypd9h4bkmysss6nz7vq9xv1zc 58951 58950 2026-07-04T21:09:26Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 58951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] pim03d7fd4hmfl4sjh2wbru5lh0nijt 0 7852 59006 55510 2026-07-05T00:45:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dorcus Acen''', abasinga gwe bamanyi nga '''Dorcas Acen''', munnabyabufuzi, [[:en:Uganda|Munnayuganda]] akiikirira abakyala ba [[:en:Alebtong_District|Disitulikiti ya Alebtong]] mu Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi n'emu.<ref name=":0">https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/30-women-line-up-for-9-lango-woman-mp-seats-1899912</ref><ref>https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/alebtong-nrm-chairperson-faces-dismissal-for-supporting-go-foward-independent-candidates</ref> Yeesimbawo ku ky'Omukyala omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] owa [[:en:Alebtong_District|Disitulikiti ya Alebtong]] ey'ekumi nga [[:en:Independent_politician|munabyabufuzi eyali talina kibiina kyagiddemu]]. Mu [[:en:2021_Ugandan_general_election|kulonda kwa 2021]], Dorcus Acen yali yeekuusa ku kibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekiri mu buyinza ekya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]]. Mu biseera byeyakolerau kakuyege w'okunoonya obululu, yawaayo ambyuleensi bbiri mu Disitulikiti gyebamuzaala okuyamba okwanguya ensonga z'abalwadde ababeera balina okutwalibwa mu malwaliro nga tebalinda, ssaako n'okwanguya ensonga [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda|y'okulwanyisa obutasaasaana bwa kirwadde kya]] [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda|COVID-19]].<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20210302171529/https://tndnewsug.com/2020/05/15/alebtong-rdc-retracts-commands-that-were-to-be-misconstrued/</ref> Yawa abantu nadala abatesobola akawunga n'ebinjanjalo mu Disitulikiti, abaala obulamu nga bugotanyiziddwa omugalo olwali gwongeddwako, n'engeri endala pulezidenti zeyali ataddewo okulwanyisa ekirwadde kya COVID-19 okwetoloola eggwanga lyonna.<ref name=":1" /> Mu kulonda kwa Uganda okwa bonna mu 2021, Acen yalondebwa ng'oubaka omukyala owa [[:en:Alebtong_District|Disitulikiti ya]] [[:en:Alebtong_District|Alebtong]].<ref>https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/acen-dorcus-10110/</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXPo4fLbjeA</ref> Mu Paalamenti eyekumineemu, awereza ku kakiika k'ekikula ky'abantu, emirimu n'enkulakulana y'ebitundu.<ref>https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-gender-labour-and-social-development/</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yakolako ku GBV Prevention Network ng'omuntu eyali alwanyisa [[:en:Sexual_violence|obutabanguko obuva kunsonga z'okwegata]] wamu n'obutabanguko obuleeta okutulugunya abakyala.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152045/https://preventgbvafrica.org/member/dorcas-acen/</ref> Mu 2018, yakolako ng'omuwabuzi w'alwanirira ekikula ky'abantu n'okukikuuma mu kitongole kya [[:en:Care_International|CARE International]] mu [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]], gyeyali avunaanyizibwa kuntambula za pulogulaamu z'ekikula ky'abantu n'okukikuuma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/author/915-dorcasacen |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-03-28 |archive-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020155851/https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/author/915-dorcasacen |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://covid19.alnap.org/help-library/covid-19-magnifying-gender-inequalities</ref> == Laba nebino == * [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_eleventh_Parliament_of_Uganda|Olukalala lw'abali mu Paalamenti ya Uganda eyekumineemu]] * [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekya National Resistance Movement]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Alebtong_District|Disitulikiti ya Alebtong]] * [[:en:Member_of_parliament|Ababaka ba Paalamenti]] * [[:en:Independent_politician|Banabyabufuzi abatalina bibiina byabufuzi]] == Laba na bino == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda.] * [https://ug.linkedin.com/in/dorcas-acen-3b465b53 Dorcus Acen on Linkedin] * [https://www.facebook.com/dorcas.acen.9 Dorcus Acen on Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/tabithadoc?lang=en Acen Dorcus on Twitter] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250222113605/https://lirasqoop.com/lango-members-of-parliament-2021-2026/ Lango Members of Parliament 2021-2026.] * [https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/gbv_sub_cluster_focal_persons_for_gbv_mainstreaming_updated_7th_dec_2017.pdf GBV Sub cluster Focal Person for GBV mainstreaming in different clusters] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 2epquwa4bc9k7ri5r2klnmtg4uzze4l 0 8195 58959 58712 2026-07-04T22:24:20Z 24RAY 11014 /* Omulimu gw'okuyimba */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020. Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20. == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021) === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 4mw08u8lmklby57e8a2ur4p5zlzydck 58960 58959 2026-07-04T22:25:30Z 24RAY 11014 /* Omulimu gw'okuyimba */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020. Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20. == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021) === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] dhf8o8yj0yhjj4df3m2rofrjydlcxuj 58961 58960 2026-07-04T22:26:49Z 24RAY 11014 /* Omulimu gw'okuyimba */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020. Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20. == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021) === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] rrekbtec79ph1itkys6q8ur2gbm72z7 58964 58961 2026-07-04T22:28:25Z 24RAY 11014 /* Omulimu gw'okuyimba */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20. == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021) === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] fxxkbqfvxa8biro853n1knboneu3zlh 58965 58964 2026-07-04T22:29:34Z 24RAY 11014 /* Omulimu gw'okuyimba */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20. == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021) === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] huwn505q5acb5t6mnctah0mb392vshe 58966 58965 2026-07-04T22:30:50Z 24RAY 11014 /* Omulimu gw'okuyimba */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021) === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] d0g4q8c5n08pdip5525og9w1e9e35hi 58968 58966 2026-07-04T22:33:00Z 24RAY 11014 /* Entambi z'ennyimba ze */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 12n2rkujye2hff9kaem4ksjrk5skf52 58969 58968 2026-07-04T22:34:12Z 24RAY 11014 /* Entambi z'ennyimba ze */ oluyimba lwe 58969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 78s30ehbzqcmchcc33k4kgs65ybeial 58970 58969 2026-07-04T22:35:30Z 24RAY 11014 /* Entambi z'ennyimba ze */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 6pmtf3xurv3g2qiieiwk86xvmm1do1p 58971 58970 2026-07-04T22:36:59Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === # Gimme # Craving you heavy # Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> # Thankful ft Benon # Majje ft Fik Fameica, # Slow dancing # Face Me ft A Pass # Fwa Fwa Fwa # Ku Kido, # My Year # Tubatiisa # Party Mood # Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, # Love you is easy, # African Music # Ache for you. # Quinamino # Repeat it # Lo Fit # Crazy lover # Toast to 75 # Mbinyumirwa # Envision # Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] ch4e83qwdd2kcksq2cwuumjdarayuw0 58972 58971 2026-07-04T22:37:53Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ empandiika 58972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] pv9wy24i85b0h6zs2xgpnhjealzt55q 58973 58972 2026-07-04T22:40:11Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ ennyimba ze 58973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] szfscy69n8hwfly1seooczyceehhq3y 58974 58973 2026-07-04T22:41:30Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] bysrkykhybxdptmrb8bw2zdzqukom8h 58975 58974 2026-07-04T22:42:36Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] kfqkuiksh6jwdkchljvv8ks27f0wn7d 58976 58975 2026-07-04T22:44:39Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref>"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] bkuz3a7ikdb58mpk382la05jm5hnvsq 58977 58976 2026-07-04T22:48:36Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi */ ennyimba ze 58977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref>"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] ba8csdew2ce5ykseuzogwrytjak7kq0 58978 58977 2026-07-04T22:51:28Z 24RAY 11014 ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa ne source 58978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref>"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] qlu9od4x7lcy9vy0qlchg9ws4lnftvz 58979 58978 2026-07-04T22:53:37Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref>"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref>"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021 * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] gt80n31l70rdlwfimuiywdk3k2omw2j 58980 58979 2026-07-04T22:56:10Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref>"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref>"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021 * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] isd0g3m28tdvir41mz1t6a0e7m66lln 58981 58980 2026-07-04T22:57:07Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref>"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] edttwzafkphybuwlv14soxlrid8d3u8 58982 58981 2026-07-04T22:58:43Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":3" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] lrupy71hymhyz7cqmb5wlsgfr3hriuv 58983 58982 2026-07-04T23:00:32Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22 * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] hfl76slz92feuudgaogsevcuqhjjp38 58984 58983 2026-07-04T23:02:14Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref>Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":6" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] mymt47q4xo38l9ujj82m4jygsp57u2h 58985 58984 2026-07-04T23:03:21Z 24RAY 11014 /* Engule n'okusiimibwa */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness, nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] ottzr1x7fq6zex8j8ag2xqvand0655k 58986 58985 2026-07-04T23:06:11Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] rznewx2x1n8sv6y79e1q7x77p1bopgi 58987 58986 2026-07-04T23:07:46Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] ezwwvr8mwo2u3hosoy6ihc7zajc5ha0 58988 58987 2026-07-04T23:09:58Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica. Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 462qlpfzsro6ygo0n95faz5347pul96 58989 58988 2026-07-04T23:11:33Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 4n59q4pr4un7hanrac7zj4aaqzobvej 58990 58989 2026-07-04T23:13:05Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] cpbb3h8lp4r2i8axbwos2cveru19gm6 58991 58990 2026-07-04T23:13:51Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] srm2afaa4ujnfu9gshidqe9zm4f695v 58992 58991 2026-07-04T23:16:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square", n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 9l4ofuk9ilwgpd90k117ymreuw0b2ng 58993 58992 2026-07-04T23:16:30Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] hksyib0urdnxcr9rprmtvj0hkf2glhv 58994 58993 2026-07-04T23:25:24Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] ge1g1nt2yu04knvoc5a0xfpqls7wk3n 58995 58994 2026-07-04T23:28:00Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] nn350fbo923smi4omf32tqi6d9fgbxg 58996 58995 2026-07-04T23:29:20Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 4yadusdhdtp6msak1mspvizds39rc13 58997 58996 2026-07-04T23:30:09Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu */ ngasseeko ebijuliziddwa 58997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] i44mlfar68xas518djfvo8zrp386d6k 58998 58997 2026-07-04T23:32:09Z 24RAY 11014 ngasseeko laba ne 58998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 7qncvjoxan3sfs82tejeojdzbod5mji 58999 58998 2026-07-04T23:35:11Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ amannya 58999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * Naira Ali * Iryn Namubiru * Mariam Ndagire * Angella Katatumba == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 7vazclb34pz1olsldl02ugemwc6uzml 59000 58999 2026-07-04T23:35:53Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * [[Naira Ali]] * Iryn Namubiru * Mariam Ndagire * Angella Katatumba == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 6mpx95ye7bdp9atdo7n86fyv0i5nm8j 59001 59000 2026-07-04T23:36:24Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * [[Naira Ali]] * [[Iryn Namubiru]] * Mariam Ndagire * Angella Katatumba == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] r47key16pungbplt2ziadbqbx5hlyuw 59002 59001 2026-07-04T23:36:55Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * [[Naira Ali]] * [[Iryn Namubiru]] * [[Mariam Ndagire]] * Angella Katatumba == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] syucyp0h0wfkqbw89hc2mfu1gsm6tw0 59003 59002 2026-07-04T23:37:24Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ 59003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * [[Naira Ali]] * [[Iryn Namubiru]] * [[Mariam Ndagire]] * [[Angella Katatumba]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] st9h2mv7caa3qzuxi9thy2hbvvaojl7 59004 59003 2026-07-04T23:38:47Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * [[Naira Ali]] * [[Iryn Namubiru]] * [[Mariam Ndagire]] * [[Angella Katatumba]] * [[Bobi Wine]] * Eddy Kenzo == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 16u9jiymrk5oobqy1cis33jesos7uim 59005 59004 2026-07-04T23:39:30Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Priscilla Zawedde</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996) amanyikibwa nnyo nga Azawi, muyimbi-muwandiisi wa nnyimba, omuzinyi era [[Munnayuganda|Munnayuganda,]] ng'ayimbira mu kibiina ya [[Swangz Avenue]] eyamuwandiika mu 2019.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song"]. ''Routine Blast : Gossip, Showbiz, Breaking News in Uganda''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Ayimba ennyimba ez'ekika kya Afrobeats<ref>Bm, B. (2021-10-11). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/11/african-music-by-azawi-is-the-album-of-the-year/ "African Music by Azawi is the Album of the year!"]. ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu Luganda n'Oluzungu. Ye [[Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi omukyala eyasooka okulabikira ku ntimbe (billboards) okuli eya New York city "Times Square" ne Los Angelos.<ref>[http://nilepost.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-new-york-and-london/ "Azawi shines brightest on billboards in New York and London]". ''Nile Post''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":6">Witness, Eye (2021-10-23). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/10/23/azawi-becomes-the-third-ugandan-act-to-appear-on-time-square-in-new-york-after-kenzo-and-bobi-wine/ "Azawi becomes the first UG female artist to appear on Times Square]". ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Priscilla Zawedde yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1996 mu Kampala. Bazadde be ye mugenzi Walusimbi Samuel ne Nakamatte Mary. Yagenda ku Buganda road primary mu kusoma kwe okwasooka,<ref name=":0">Okereke, Caleb (30 November 2020). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/67567-meet-priscilla-zawedde-aka-azawi-uganda-s-rising-star "Meet Priscilla Zawedde aka Azawi, Uganda's rising star"]. ''The Observer – Uganda''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> oluvanyuma ne yegatta ku Mother Kevin Primary School mu disitulikiti y'e Mukono gye yamalira Pulayimale (P.7). Yegatta ku St Henry’s college e Ggangu Masajja, Lubiri secondary school, London college eNansana, St Janani Luwum secondary school gye yamalira Siniya ey'omukaaga (S.6), gye yava ne yeyongerayo ku Yunivasite y'e [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere]] gye yafunira diguli mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>[https://mbu.ug/2020/06/24/i-almost-quit-my-course-at-campus-just-after-year-one-azawi-reveals/ "I almost quit my course at campus just after year one – Azawi reveals]". ''MBU''. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241126193051/https://blizz.co.ug/1896/Swangz-Avenues-New-Singer-Azawi-Graduates-with-a-Bachelors-Degree "Swangz Avenue's New Singer Azawi Graduates with a Bachelor's Degree"]. ''blizz.co.ug''. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka === Emirimu gya Azawi yagitandika mu 2005&nbsp;ng'omuzinyi mu kibiina ekiyitibwa Kika dance Group.<ref name=":0" /> Baakola omulimu guno nga guluupu mu bifo ebiwerako. Emyaka ena egyaddirira, yayingira ekibiina ekirala ekiyitibwa Crane Performers nga bino byonna yabikola akyali mu ssomero. Oluvanyuma lw'okukizuula nti yali takola bulungi mu ssomero, ebyokuzina yasooka n'abiwummuza. Wabula mu kiseera ekyo yagenda e China enfunda bbiri nga bagenze okuzannya n'ekibiina kye. === Omulimu gw'okuyimba === Mu 2011, yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba,<ref name=":1">[https://www.okayafrica.com/azawi-uganda-music-interview/ "Interview: Meet Azawi, Uganda's Rising Star]". ''OkayAfrica''. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> mu kusooka yakikolanga mu ngeri ya kinyumu, bwe yali tanakizuula nti asobola okukolamu ssente. Kitaawe yafa mu 2012, n'asigaza obuvunanyizibwa obw'okulabirira maamma we ne baganda be babiri, ekyamuleetera okukola omulimu gw'okuwandiika ennyimba n'ekigendererwa eky'okufunamu ssente.<ref name=":1" /> Ku myaka gye emito, Azawi yatandika okuwandiika ennyimba era obukugu bwe mu kuwandiika ennyimba kwamuleetera okusisinkana Omuyimbi Eddy Kenzo eyammuyamba okumugatta ku bayimbi abalala. Awandiikiddeko abayimbi nga Nina Rose, Lydia Jazmine, Carol Nantongo, Vinka, ne Eddy Kenzo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/131119 "Azawi]". ''Music in Africa''. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Azawi oluvanyuma yegatta ku bbandi emu ey'abayimbi mu 2015, era nga bwakola ogw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere ekyali kyakatandikibwawo Maama we.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yava ku mulimu gw'okuweereza mu kirabo ky'emmere, yawandiika oluyimba "Quinamino" n'ekigendererwa eky'okulutunda,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161920/https://www.hardrockmedia.org/2021/09/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-azawi.html 10 Things you didn´t know about Azawi]". ''Hard Rock Media''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> wabula bwe yalutwala mu Swangz Avenue omulundi gwe ogusooka, mu August 2019, ate gye yafunira omukisa okwegatta ku Kampuni eno ng'omuyimbi.<ref name=":1" /> Okuvaayo n'ategeerekeka obulungi mu bantu, kwaliwo mu January 2020 oluvanyumma lw'okufulumya oluyimba oluyitibwa Quinamino.<ref>Dash, Phame (2021-08-09). [https://phamedashblog.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/songs-that-made-these-new-ugandan-artists-famous-number-3-will-surprise-you/ "Songs That Made These New Ugandan Artists Famous, Number 3 will Surprise You]". ''PHAME DASH''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.eastafricanherald.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/ugandas-azawi-40-minutes-that-changed-my-life "Uganda's Azawi: 40 minutes that changed my life — East African Herald"]. ''EastAfricanHerald''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>"[https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/milestone-azawis-quinamino-features-on-major-lazers-mix.html Milestone: Azawi's 'Quinamino' features on Major Lazer's mix]". ''PML Daily''. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu November 2020, abakulira, Swangz Avenue baamuwandiika era ne bamwanjulira abantu mu butongole nga yakafulumya oluyimba lumu mu January 2020.<ref>Ray, Lee (2019-12-31). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315232633/https://www.routineblast.com/brand-new-swangz-avenue-set-date-to-release-new-signing-azawis-song/ "BRAND NEW: Swangz Avenue Set Date To Release New Signing, Azawi's Song]". ''Routine Blast''. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://mbu.ug/2019/12/31/swangz-avenue-to-release-azawi-in-january-2020/ "Fresh Talent: Swangz Avenue to release Azawi in January 2020".] ''MBU''. 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> Mu kiseera kino akyali wansi wa Swangz Avenue n'ennyimba ezisoba mu 20.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129687 "Swangz Avenue signs new artiste Zafarani]". ''New Vision''. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == Ennyimba ze == === Entambi z'ennyimba ze === * Lo Fit (2020) * African Music (2021)<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/128344 "Azawi on MTV Base list of artistes to look out for this year]". ''New Vision''. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Sankofa<ref>Troy, Kevin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240425105920/https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2023-08-28-azawis-sankofa-album-a-melodic-tapestry-of-memories-and-dreams/ "Azawi's Sankofa Album – a Melodic Tapestry of Memories and Dreams]". ''Capital Radio''. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</ref> === Ezitafulumidde ku ntambi === * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Party mood * Gimme * Craving you heavy * Bamututte<ref>''[https://open.spotify.com/track/2sZ4GjmmmpDqhQHg4MwxJM BAMUTUTTE]'', 2021-10-09, retrieved 2023-02-19</ref> * Thankful ft Benon * Majje ft Fik Fameica, * Slow dancing<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/121730 Music Review: Slow Dancing – Azawi & Myko Ouma (acoustic version)"]. ''New Vision''. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/rugby/jinja-hippos-invite-impis-with-azawi-vibes-to-dance-3736098 "Jinja Hippos invite Impis with Azawi vibes to dance"]. ''Monitor''. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> * Face Me ft A Pass * Fwa Fwa Fwa * Ku Kido, * My Year * Tubatiisa * Party Mood * Nkuchekele ft Eddy Kenzo, * Love you is easy, * African Music * Ache for you. * Quinamino * Repeat it * Lo Fit<ref name=":4">"[https://chimpreports.com/full-list-of-buzz-teenz-award-winners-2021/ Full List of Buzz Teenz Award Winners 2021]". ''ChimpReports''. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Crazy lover * Toast to 75 * Mbinyumirwa * Envision * Craving You Heavy Remix ft. Chike * Masavu * 10 over 10 source:<ref>[https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/81434652 "Azawi"]. ''Deezer''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == * Yawangula engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka omukazi eya Janzi awards 2021.<ref name=":2">"[https://mbu.ug/2021/12/13/janzi-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/ Who won what at the Janzi Awards 2021]?". ''MBU''. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule y'olutambi lw'omwaka olwasinga eya – ''African Music'' Janzi awards 2021<ref>"[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/122183 The good, the bad and the ugly of the maiden Janzi Awards"]. ''New Vision''. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * Yawangula engule ya Afro Beat/Pop Artist Janzi awards 2021<ref name=":2" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi w'omwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Buzz Teeniez awards 2021 * Engule y'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze eya Teenz Hottest Songwriter Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'oluyimba olusinze mu mwaka eya Teenz Hottest Song of the year – ''‘Slow Dancing’'' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Yawangula eya vidiyo esinze eya Teenz Flyest video – ''‘Slow Dancing’ '' Buzz Teeniez awards 2021<ref name=":4" /> * Engule y'omuyimbi omukazi asinze mu mwaka eya Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3">Bm, B. (2022-03-26). [https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2022/03/26/zzina-awards-2021-22-full-list-of-winners/ "Zzina Awards 2021/22 Full List Of Winners".] ''Galaxy FM 100.2''. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> * Yawangula ey'omuwandiisi w'ennyimba asinze mu mwaka eya Best Song Writer of the year Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> * Yawangula ey'oluyimba olwasinga okukwata ku mitima gy'abantu eya Best Inspirational Song – Majje ft Fik Fameica Zzina Awards 2021/22<ref name=":3" /> == Ebirala byakoze ne byatuseeko mu bulamu == Azawi kati akola nga omutumbuzi w'omwenge gwa Guinness.<ref>Ruva, Roy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105621/https://chano8.com/swangz-avenue-singer-azawi-signs-mega-guinness-deal/ "Swangz Avenue Singer Azawi Signs Mega Guinness Deal – Chano8"]. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>Mugisha, Mugibson (2021-08-16). [https://mugibson.com/azawi-guinness/ "Azawi Lands Very First Brand Endorsement of Her Career. Joins Fireboy DML, Beverly Naya As Guinness Brand Ambassador – MUGIBSON]". Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-joins-celebrities-fireboy-meji-alabi-as-new-guinness-ambassador/ "Azawi Joins Celebrities Fireboy, Meji Alabi as New Guinness Ambassador"]. ''ChimpReports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> nga kino akikola n'omuyimbi Omunigeria Fireboy DML. Kino era kyeyolekera mu vidiyo ye ey'oluyimba MAJJE lwe yakola n'omuyimbi Fik Fameica.<ref>"[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ Guinness teams up with Azawi for new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Nile Post''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://bazzup.com/blog/guinness-and-azawi-collaborate-on-a-new-jaw-dropping-majje-video/ "Guinness and Azawi collaborate on a new, jaw-dropping "Majje" video".] ''Bazzup.com | Get Connected''. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref name=":5" /> ne kukivvulu kye eyali ekyamannyi gye buvuddeko e Lugogo,Kampala mu Ogwomusanvu 2022.<ref>Katungulu, Amon (2022-07-23). "[https://nilepost.co.ug/2022/07/23/azawi-throws-unforgettable-performance-at-maiden-concert/ Azawi throws unforgettable performance at maiden concert"]. ''Nile Post''. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref> Azawi mu 2021 yalabikira ku ntimbe gaggadde okubeera abantu ab'ettuttumu okuli olwa New York ne Los Angelos "Times Square",<ref>[https://chimpreports.com/azawi-shines-brightest-on-billboards-in-london-new-york/ "Azawi 'Shines Brightest' on Billboards in London, New York".] ''ChimpReports''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/entertainment/20211023/123545/ugandan-singer-azawi-conquers-new-york-world.html "Ugandan singer Azawi conquers New York, Los Angeles]". ''Watchdog Uganda''. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/azawi-on-ny-billboards-3730384 "Azawi on NY billboards"]. ''The East African''. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> n'afuuka omukazi munnayuganda eyasooka okulabikirako era Munnayuganda ow'okusatu oluvanyuma lwa Eddy Kenzo ne Bobi Wine.<ref name=":6" /> == Laba ne == * [[Naira Ali]] * [[Iryn Namubiru]] * [[Mariam Ndagire]] * [[Angella Katatumba]] * [[Bobi Wine]] * [[Eddy Kenzo]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Abayimbi]] i1tutkdw7m49bw31vpytt9543hl3fxc 0 8289 58757 47923 2026-07-04T13:00:09Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and de-wikilinked 58757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] ohowszfjnj4zq9ylmlb4dw5uh1ee1la 58758 58757 2026-07-04T13:01:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a category 58758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] ctto1g180y33zyioeapcjg57pcwvq1v 58760 58758 2026-07-04T13:02:32Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a category 58760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2005]] dmg6ynlnjr207kkiqekqx7dbemu4psj 58762 58760 2026-07-04T13:04:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a category 58762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2005]] [[Category:Abamyuka ba bassaabaminisita aba Uganda]] 8a9ekdn0yimdjw6rsltu5n45thm3f0m 58766 58762 2026-07-04T13:08:32Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a category 58766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2005]] [[Category:Abamyuka ba bassaabaminisita aba Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaawangangusibwa]] e87n3ognymuaermf0wdfcs8mn9jltf7 58770 58766 2026-07-04T13:10:25Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a category 58770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2005]] [[Category:Abamyuka ba bassaabaminisita aba Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaawangangusibwa]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaali basibiddwako ebweru w'eggwanga]] 40rq5vn0hp9nisubl1qfmbifseip57k 58773 58770 2026-07-04T13:12:42Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2005]] [[Category:Abamyuka ba bassaabaminisita aba Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaawangangusibwa]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaali basibiddwako ebweru w'eggwanga]] [[Category:Abaakwatibwa era ne basibibwa e Kenya]] 845z4qpupit0nd2h9rh99j4wk7l066r 58776 58773 2026-07-04T13:15:29Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abu-Kyakama-Mayanja.jpg|thumb|Abu Mayanja, MP, Barrister, Attorney General in the Government of Uganda, politician, and Government Minister]] '''Abubaker Kakyama Mayanja''' (Yazaalibwa Ogwomunaana 1929 – nga 4 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2005) ye yali Ssabawandiisi wa [[Uganda National Congress part|Uganda National Congress party]] eyasooka, nga kino kye kyali ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasookera ddala mu Uganda ekyatandikibwa [[Ignatius K. Musaazi]] nga 6 Ogwokusatu 1952.<ref>Engholm, Geoffrey: "Political Parties and Uganda's Independence", pages 15–17, Transition, 3 January 1962</ref> Yafuuka Ssabawandiisi eyasooka ow'ekibiina kya UNC mu buvubukaabwe era nga tannatikkirwa ku Makerere University College, oluvannyuma eyafuuka Yunivasite y'e Makerere. Abu Mayanja yayamba Musaazi okubaga ssemateeka w'ekibiina ki Uganda National Congress party. Abu yali mulwanirizi w'ameefuga mu Uganda ne [[Afirika]], Omukiise ow'amanyi mu palamenti eyali tayagalira ddala kitwatagana na butali bwenkanya. Yali ttoffaali ly'amanyi mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda nga omukugu mu kubaga ssemateeka , omubaka wa palamenti eyeegombesa, minisita wa gavumenti enfunda nnyingi era omukugu mu mateeka. Ebimuwandiikibwako mu ''Tribune'' magazine, ''Transition'', ''Uganda Argus'' n'[[Empapula z'amawulire ga New Vision|empapula z'amawulire ga ''New Vision'']] byali birungi era nga biweebwa ekitiibwa. == Obuto bwe n'emirimu == Abu Mayanja yazaalibwa mu 1929 omwami Abdalla Waswa Kambuga Kakyama n'omukyala Mariantonia Kayaga. Kitaawe Abdalla yali ava ku kyalo Buga (Ziba, okuliraana Ngogwemu disitulikiti y'e Mukono mu Uganda). Nyina Mariantonia ye yali wa ku [[bizinga by'e Buvuma]]. Kitaawe yali mulimi nga musajja musiraamu. Ye nnyina yali mukyala mukulisitaayo. Abu Mayanja yeesukkulumya mu by'enjigiriza nga tafudde ku bisoomoza ebyeyolekera mu maka gaabwe wadde yali yava mu maka maavu. Nnyina Mariantonia yamuyigiriza okusoma n'okuwandiika ng'amukubiriza okusoma amawulire amakadde agaali nga gakozesebwa okusiba kabalagala. Ku ssomero, yabuuka siniya eyookusatu naagenda mu siniya eyookuna, amagezi ge n’enkolagana ye n’ebiwandiiko eyali yeeyongera buli kiseera byali bimusukkulumiza nnyo okusinga banne. Yali musajja mugezi era yatuula ebibuuzo bye ebya siniya eyoomukaaga ku Old Kampala Senior Secondary School mu 1949. Mu bibuuzo eby'akamalirizo eby'ekibiina eky'omusanvu, yafuna obubonero obw'okuntikko; buno bwe bwali obubonero obwali bukyasinga mu ggwanga lyonna mu kiseera ekyo. Abu Mayanja yagenda ku [[King's College, Budo|King's College Budo]] mu 1944 nga D.G. R. Herbert ye mukulu w'essomero, era yasulanga mu kisulo kya England. [[Apollo Kironde]] yali omu ku basomesa be ku King's College Budo. Abu yagenda ku Makerere University College mu 1950 okusoma Olungereza, ebiwandiiko, ebyafaayo n'okubala. Nga ali e Makerere yali musunsuzi w'amawulire aga ''The Current News'' era nga muwandiisi w'akakiiko akakulembera abayizi. == Okuva e Makerere okudda ku yunivasite y'e Cambridge == Abu Mayanja yagobwa mu Makerere University College mu 1952 olwo kubanga ye ne banne beemulugunya ku mmere gye baali babafumbira era ne batandika n'okwekalakaasa.<ref>Mills, David (2006): "Life on the Hill: Students and the social history of Makerere”, Africa, 76(2).</ref> Nga akyasimbye amakanda ku mirimu gy'ekibiina ki UNC, Abu Mayanja yafaayo okulaba nga addamu okusoma. Okutuukiriza ebirooto bye eby'okusoma, Abu yasaba obuyambi okuva mu basomesa be ku Makerere University College; ku bbo kwaliko, Professor A. G. Warner, Dr Kenneth Ingham ne Bernard Debansin. Bonna bakkiriza nti kijja kuba kya buswavu eri Uganda singa Abu Mayanja, omuvubuka omuto omugezi tamaliriza misomo gye egya yunivasite. Baamusemba amalirize emisomo gye.<ref>Kavuma, Richard, “1958–2004: Mayanja saw it all”, Weekly Observer Newspaper (Uganda), 18 November 2004.</ref> N'okusalawo kuno okwomugundu, ensonga yatwalibwa Abu Mayanja eri Latima Mpagi, eyali omukungu w'e Mengo mu biseera ebyo. Kabaka, Sir Edward [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], ensonga ya Abu Mayanja yagiyitiramu omufuzi wa matwale Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]]. We byamutuukirako, Sir [[Andrew Cohen (omuddukanya w’emirimu gy’amatwale) .|Andrew Cohen]] yali anaatera okugenda e London okuwummulamu era nga ali e London yakolera Abu Mayanja enteekateeka okugenda ku [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]]. Sir Edward Mutesa II ne Sir Andrew Cohen baali bankizo mu kweyongerayo kw'emisomo gya Abu Mayanja okumaliriza diguli ye esooka. Abu Mayanja eyali omugezi era alina obusobozi yaweebwa omukisa okuddamu okusoma ku yunivasite y'ensi yonna eyimiridde. == Omulwanirizi w'ameefuga == Oluvannyuma lw'okukkirizibwa okusomera mu [[Yunivasite y'e Cambridge]], Abu yalina okutoloka amangu okugenda mu kibuga London olw'ekifo kye mu by'obufuzi. Yali atiisibwatiisibwa okusibibwa abafuzi baamatwale. Yali mu Bungereza okuva 1953 okutuusa 1959. Nga akyali muyizi mu Cambridge University ([[:en:King's_College,_Cambridge|King's]]), gyeyasomera ebyafaayo, Abu Mayanja yakiika mu Lukiiko lwa Abafirika bonna olwasooka olwategekebwa mu kibuga Accra, [[Ghana]] wakati wa nga 5 –13 Ogwekkumineebiri 1958. Olukungaana lwategekebwa [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] ne lukulemberwa [[Tom Mboya]]. Olukungaana lwe lwaleetawo ekibiina ky'[[Omukago gw'Amawanga ga Afirika Amagatte]] (OAU) oluvannyuma ekyafuuka eky'[[Omukago gwa Afirika]] (AU). Abu Mayanja yasisinkana Abaddugavu bangi mu kibuga London abaali banoonya ameefuga mu nsi zaabwe ez'enjawulo. Yawandiika ebiwandiiko ebiwerako ebyafulumizibwa mu [[Tribune magazine]]. Yalwanirira ameefuga ga Uganda wamu ne Afirika okuva mu bufuzi bw'amatwale. Abu Mayanja ye musiraamu eyasooka mu Uganda okufuna diguli. == UNC eyawukanamu ebuwayi == Ekibiina ki [[Uganda National Congress Party]] kyayawukanamu ebiwayi Abu Mayanja bwe yali agenze mu Bungereza. Bweyakomawo nga 30 Ogwokutaano 1959, ng'amaze okufuna diguli ye esooka okuva ku Yunivasite y'e Cambridge, n'okusoma amateeka (The Honourable Society of [[Lincoln's Inn]] – okuva Ogwekkumi 1955 okutuuka Ogwomukaaga 1957); n'oluvannyuma lw'okukolako mu ofiisi ya munnamateeka Roland Brown, Abu Mayanja yasanga ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ki UNC tekikyaliwo. Yagenda mu [[Amerika]] okusoma ku bukulembeze era yakomawo mu Uganda mu Gwokubiri 1960. == Minisita wa gavumenti ya Buganda == Mu 1961 Abu Mayanja yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'enjigiriza mu gavumenti ya Buganda. Yeetaba mu lukungaana lwa Lancaster House mu London nga Uganda tennafuna meefuga okuva ku Bungereza nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962. Abu Mayanja yawummula mu Gwokuna 1964 oluvannyuma lwa sipiika, Omwami Eriasafi Kalule eyamuvvoola mu Lukiiko (palamenti ya Buganda). Wabula oluvannyuma yalondebwa olukiiko okubeera omukiise mu palamenti mu Gwomwenda 1964 oluvannyuma lwa [[Jimmy Simpson]] okuwummula ng'omukiise wa Kyaggwe owa bukiikakkono obw'obuvanyuba.<ref>Ssemujju, Ibrahim Nganda, "A Biography Abu Mayanja never lived to read",''Weekly Observer'' newspaper (Uganda), November 2005</ref> == Ssemateeka wa 1962 == Abu Mayanja yali omu ku baalondebwa okukiikirira Uganda mu lukungaana lw'ameefuga mu1962. Yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwakalabalaba bw'okuteekesa mu nkola ssemateeka wa 1962 mu Buganda, era yali avunaanyizibwa ku kussa ssemateeka wa Buganda mu ssemateeka wa Uganda omukulu. == Omusango gw'okukuma mu bantu omuliro == Mu Gwekkumi 1968, oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ebituli mu ssemateeka wa 1967 mu [[Transition Magazine]] (Ogwokuna 1968); ekyanyiiza gavumenti eyaliko, Abu Mayanja yasibibwa era naavunaanwa okukuma mu bantu omuliro. Mu kiseera ekyo, yali yakawasa mukyalawe asooka, Hadija. Abu yaggyibwako emisango gino kyokka amangu ago n’addamu okukwatibwa mu Kkooti wansi w’obuyinza obw’amangu obw’okusiba abantu obwali bukola mu kiseera ekyo. [[Amnesty International]] yamutwala nga omusibe ayawula ekituufu ku kikyamu. Yamala emyaka 2 mu kkomera e Luzira, nga tali na mukyala we Hadija, okutuusa 1970 bweyateebwa. == "Gavumenti ya sipiidi ey'ekizungirizi" == Abu Mayanja yalondebwa [[Idi Amin]] okubeera minisita w'ebyenjigiriza mu 1971, naye nga 30 Ogekkuminoogumu 1972 ye wamu ne baminista ba gavumenti abalala baggyibwa ku mirimu gy'obwa minista, mu biseera ebyo yali minisita w'abakozi. Baminista ba gavumenti abalala abaagobwa mwalimu: Pulofeesa William B. Banage, Apollo Kironde, ne Yekosefati Engur. Mukunnyonnyola ensonga eyabagobya, Idi Amin yagamba ba minista bano nti baali tebasobola kukwatagana na gavumenti ye kubanga yali eddukira ku misinde gya kizungirizi “supersonic speed”. Yayitibwa n'era okubaako emirimu emirala egy'omugaso gyakola. Mu 1972 Abu Mayanja yatuuza olukiiko olwateekateeka okuzza omubiri gwa Ssekabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II okuva e London, gye yali yafiira mu 1969, okudda e Uganda. Mu 1986 Abu Mayanja yafuuka omuwoleleza wa gavumenti era [[Omumyuka wa ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|omumyuka wa ssabaminisita]] ku bukulembeze bwa [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]. == Lungujja == Obulamu bwe obusinga Abu Mayanja yabeeranga [[Lungujja]], okuliraana [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], ng'ojjeeko ebiseera byeyamalai e Bungereza ng'asoma ne mu buwangaanguse e Kenya, ne bweyali asibiddwa mu 1960 olw'okuwandiika eggulire ku ssemateeka wa Uganda owa 1967. Yabonabona mu biseera by'abafuzi baamatwale era yasibwako enfunda ntono; era omulundi ogumu ogujjukirwa yali Mwalimu [[Julius Nyerere]], pulezidenti wa Tanzania omugenzi, eyasasulira omutango ateebwe. == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja == Omusingi gwa Abu Mayanja gwajukirwanga omusomi era omuwandiisi w'ebyobufuzi Pulofeesa [[Ali Mazrui, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|Ali Mazrui]] nga 30 Ogwomusanvu 2007 ku Rwenzori Ball Room, ku wooteri ya Sheraton mu Kampala. Pulofeesa Mazrui yabeerako era yakolerako mu Uganda mu biseera eby'edda. Yali ku Yunivasity y'e Makerere okuva mu 1965 okutuusa mu 1973 nga akulira essomo lya sayansi w'ebyobufuzi, era nga akulira abayizi ku ssomero lya sayansi w'embeera z'abantu okuva mu 1967–1969. Olunaku lw'okumujjukira olwategekebwa Pulofeesa Ali Mazrui lwatuumiba ''"Between Secular Activism and Religious Observance – Abu Mayanja and Africa's Triple Heritage"''. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1929]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2005]] [[Category:Abamyuka ba bassaabaminisita aba Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaawangangusibwa]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abaali basibiddwako ebweru w'eggwanga]] [[Category:Abaakwatibwa era ne basibibwa e Kenya]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi wansi wa Uganda Nationa Congress]] ra8gjteonyamjn8e0pwieftl9rkemvk 0 8304 59025 58063 2026-07-05T10:20:53Z Lillylove256 10862 ntereezeza ku mutindo 59025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sylver Kyagulanyi''' Munnayuganda omuyimbi, muwandiisi era mufulumya w'enyimba era muwolereza.<ref name="monitor">{{Cite web |title=Books they read: Sylver Kyagulanyi |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1520104/-/1ctfu7/-/index.html |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Y'akulira ekitongole kya Sikia Media Services. Ono y’omu ku [[Songwriter|bawandiisi b’ennyimba]] abayiseemu mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu myaka ekkumi egiyise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ArtMattersInfo |date=2008-09-23 |title=Meet The Shy Ugandan Music Doctor |url=https://artmatters.info/2008/09/meet-sylver-kyagulanyi-the-shy-ugandan-music-doctor/ |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=ArtMatters.Info |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 2019, yali omu kwabo Bannamateeka 144 abewandiisa nga abawolereza okuva mu Kkooti Enkulu eri e Kampala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Kyagulanyi among 141 newly enrolled advocates |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1493041 |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Yafuna Dipuloma mu by’amateeka okuva mu kitongole ekikulu ekivunanyizibwa mu byamateeka mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-12 |title=Singer Kyagulanyi among 700 LDC graduates |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/singer-kyagulanyi-among-700-ldc-graduates-1753098 |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Obulamu obuggya n’okusoma == Kyagulanyi yasomera mu Nswanjere Junior Seminary mukusoma kwe okwa pulayimale. Yagenda mu ssomero lya Kisubi Seminary ne St Charles Lwangwa, okusoma siniya. Yakkirizibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] nga agenda kukola ku bya [[Pulogulamu y'ebyempuliziganya eya bantuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass communication|pulogulamu y'ebyempuliziganya eya bantu]] kyokka n’agivaako olwo n’akola diguli mu byokuyimba, okuzina ne katemba, naye nga agenda kuguka mu [[Music|kuyimba]].<ref name="the christianbulletin">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2013 |title=PROFILE: MUSICIAN SILVER KYAGULANYI (part I) |url=http://thechristianbulletin.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/profile-musician-silver-kyagulanyi-part-i/ |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> == Ennyimba == Yatandika okuyimba ng’ali omu [./Kubayimbisa_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano kubayimbisa eggono] mu [[Choir|kkwaaya]] y’ekkanisa ya Christ the King mu myaka 1990 nokudda emabega. Bwe yali mu senior three, oluyimba lwe lwawangula mu kivulu kyabavubuka muggwanga mu byokuyimba mu 1995. Olw’okuwangula, Kyagulanyi yagenda mu maaso n’okukulaakulanya ekitone kye. Mu luwummula lwe nga amaliriza siniya ey'omukaaga mu 1999, yafulumya "Ekyasa Kyabakyala", oluyimba olukwata ku [[Emancipation|mwenkano gw'abakyala]], ekyayongera okumusika natuuka ku ddaala ly'okuyimba. Nga ali mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], Kyagulanyi yakusula era n'afulumya "Omuzadde Katonda," olutambi olwamukyusizza ddala emikisa gye. Ensibuko ye ey’Ekikristaayo yeeyolekera mu zimu ku nnyimba ze, gamba nga Katonda Gwe nsinza, Olunaku Luno, ne Tondeka Mukama, ezireetera emitima gya bawagizibe okujula omwoyo wa Mukama nga baziwuliriza.<ref name="observer">{{Cite web |title=Kyagulanyi won't blow his own trumpet |url=https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D16932:kyagulanyi-wont-blow-his-own-trumpet%26catid%3D42:sizzling-entertainment%26Itemid%3D74 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> == Discography == == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebyokwesigamako eby’ebweru == * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/article/fullstory.aspx?story_id=316609&catid=377&mid=53 "Okucakala ne Sylver Kyagulanyi".] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/42/686742 "Abaana basisinkana Silver Kyagulanyi".] [[Category:Abayimbi]] 7nxdqzadk5nhhr9n51v68fc1ny5i4hi 0 8506 58967 58130 2026-07-04T22:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58967 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Alex Aadroa Onzima''' [[Munnayuganda]] era munnabyabufuzi. Ye yali Minisita Omubeezi mu Ofiisi y'Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti mu kabineeti ya Uganda. Yalondebwa ku kifo kino nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016.<ref>Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf "Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016"] (PDF). ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf the original] (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</ref> Nga tannalondebwa mu kifo ekyo, yaweerezaako nga Minisita Omubeezi owa gavumenti ez'ebitundu okuva nga 27 Ogwokutaano, 2011 okutuuka nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016.<ref>Mukasa, Henry (28 May 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124001/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 "Museveni Names New Cabinet"]. [[:en:New_Vision|''New Vision''.]] Kampala. Archived from [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 the original] on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[Perez Ahabwe]]. Onzima era yaliko omubaka wa Paalamenti akiikirira essaza ly'e Maracha, mu Disitulikiti y'e Maracha mu Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'omwenda okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2016.<ref name="Maracha">{{cite web |last=POU |title=Profile of Aandroa Alex Onzima, Member of Parliament for Maracha County, Maracha District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?details=t&j=2&const=Maracha++County&dist_id=81&distname=Maracha |accessdate=17 February 2015 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]] (POU)}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Onzima yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y'e Maracha, mu kitundu kya West Nile , mu Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda nga 26 Ogwomukaaga 1952. Yasomera mu masomero g'omukitundu ekyo okutuuka lwe yagenda ku [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]], gye yasomera ebintu eby'ekuusa ku by'obulamu bw'amannyo (public health dentistry) okuva mu mwaka gwa 2002 okutuusa lwe yatikkirwa mu mwaka gwa 2005 ne ddiguli ya ssaayansi (Bachelor of Science).<ref name="Maracha" /> == Ebyafaayo bye mu kukola == Onzima yakiikirira Essaza ly'e Maracha mu Paalamenti ya Uganda okuva mu mwaka gwa 1996. Okuva mu mwaka gwa 1996 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 2004, yali mu Paalamenti mu kiseera nga tewaliiwo nfuga ya bibiina bingi. Mu mwaka gwa 2004, ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekya [[Forum for Democratic Change (FDC)|Forum for Democratic Change]] (FDC) bwe kyatondebwawo, yasalawo okukyegattako. Mu 2010, yava mu kibiina kya FDC mu butongole era ne y'egatta ku kibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya [[National Resistance Movement]].<ref>Nalugo, Mercy (2 August 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000514/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/968672/-/x2pre7/-/index.html "Onzima Formally Crosses To NRM"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]] (Kampala)''. Archived from [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/968672/-/x2pre7/-/index.html the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</ref><ref>Darious Magara, and Polly Kamukama (28 June 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217171604/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/13/724177 "FDC Says Alex Onzima Is Free To Go".] ''[[:en:New_Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala)''. Archived from [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/13/724177 the original] on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</ref> Wabula, mu kulonda kw'ababaka ba Paalamenti okw'omwaka gwa 2011, waliwo ebyawandiikibwa mu mawulire nti yali ayagala kwesimbawo ku bwannamunigina.<ref>Kenyi, Desmond (3 September 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217174809/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/21/730810 "Onzima, What's Up?]". ''[[:en:New_Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala)''. Archived from [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/21/730810 the original] on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</ref> Mu kulonda kwa baminisita okwakolebwa oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa 2011 okwa bonna,<ref>Rupiny, David (31 May 2011). [http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=34087 "Minister D'Ujanga Defends Performance, Promises To Deliver Nyagak Dam"]. Uganda Radio Network (URN). Retrieved 17 February 2015.</ref> Onzima yalondebwa nga Minisita omubeezi owa gavumenti ez'ebitundu. Olukalala lwa baminisita olwafulumizibwa nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016, yalondebwa nga Minisita omubeezi mu ofiisi y'omumyuka wa Pulezidenti.<ref>Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://www.scribd.com/doc/314964607/New-Cabinet "Uganda's New Cabinet As At 6 June 2016"]. Scribd.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</ref> == Laba ne == * Kabineeti ya Uganda * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * Ettundu-ttundu ly'e West Nile * Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala lwa Kabineeti enzijuvu mu Gwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaalwa mu 1952]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Ababaka ba paalament ya Uganda ey'omunaana]] [[Category:Bammemba ba National Resistance Movement (NRM)]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Ttundu-ttundu lya West Nile]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Maracha]] [[Category:Baminisita ba Gavumenti ya Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomerako ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Abaasomerako ku St.Joseph's College Ombaci]] 0qmuc67kagctvtzvu8kwflqghenk7jt 0 9633 58963 58647 2026-07-04T22:28:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akite Agnes''' (yazaalibwa nga 19 Ogwokusatu 1983) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi wa Katemba]] ow'oku siteegi, [[mwogezi w'oku mikolo]], era [[Ayagala nyo okuyamba|ayagala ennyo okuyamba]]. Amanyiddwa nnyo olw'okuzannya nga Arach <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nantaba |first=Agnes |date=19 October 2018 |title=Agnes Akite aka Arach on Funny Ugandans |url=https://southsudan.biz/uganda/2018/08/22/agnes-akite-aka-arach-on-funny-ugandans/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208124430/https://southsudan.biz/uganda/2018/08/22/agnes-akite-aka-arach-on-funny-ugandans/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=Uganda News Archive}}</ref> mu firimu ya [[The Hostel]]. Era yazannyirako mu firimu ya Pearl Magic's Girl from Mparo nga Mama Brian, muliraanwa alingiriza. Engeri ye eya Katemba ya kusaagirira ku nsonga eziruma abantu mu mbeera zaabwe eza bulijjo mu bulamu bwabwe. == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Agnes yazaalibwa nga 19 Ogwokusatu 1983 mu [[Akite Agnes|Kampala,]] Uganda, mu maka ga Anthony Opio, omubalirizi w'ebitabo ne Hellen Opio. Ye mwana ow'okutaano mu baana mwenda,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=28 October 2024 |title=Akite Agnes Marks 10 Years of Comedy in Grand Style – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241028/akite-agnes-marks-10-years-of-comedy-in-grand-style/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref> bwe bazaalibwa. Yakulira Kitintale oluvannyuma n'adda e Mutungo, ebitundu ebiriraanye [[Kampala]]. Yakuzibwa nga [[Akite Agnes|Mukatoliki]] n'agenda mu St. Kizito Primary School, Bugolobi, gye yatuulira ebigezo bye eby'eky'omusanvu, era oluvannyuma yeegatta ku Our Lady of Good counsel, Gayaza gye yamalira siniya.Ebigezo ebya Siniya Eyookuna yabituulira ku Naalya S.S Namugongo oluvannyuma nadda ku St.Lawrence reamland Campus nga eno gyeyatuulira ebigezo ebya Siniya Eyoomukaaga oba UACE. Oluvannyuma yayingira [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Makerere University]] mu 2003 gye yafunira diguli esooka mu by'obulambuzi.<ref name="monitor">{{Cite web |title=Comedienne Agnes Akite's complicated path to stardom |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Comedienne-Agnes-Akite-complicated-path-stardom/689842-4984156-158g348z/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Mu 2009, Agnes yatuukirirwa [[Anne Kansiime]] okuzannya mu firimu empya eyitibwa The Hostel oluvannyuma lwa mukwano gwe, Pamela, okugigaana. Yaweebwa ekifo kya Arach nga tasoose kugezesebwa.<ref name=":0">{{cite podcast |last=Anthony|first=Luke|title=Agnes Akite - Uganda Special|website=The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast|date=7 April 2019|url=https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|accessdate=9 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531161219/https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eno y'eyali entandikwa y'omulimu gwe ogw'okuzannya katemba. Omuzannyo Hostel gwali gwamanyibwa nyo mu Uganda, nga gwasook kulagibwa ku NTV ate oluvannyuma ku [[DStv]]. Agnes yasigala mu mizannyo guno ogw'okusiteegi emirundi esatu n'avaamu mu 2012 ng'ateekateeka okuzaala omwana we ow'okubiri, Brianna. [citation needed] Mu 2014, yatandika okuzannya emizannyo mu kibiina ekiyitibwa The Punchliners, oluvannyuma lw'okusendebwasendebwa [[Anne Kansiime]] ne Daniel Omara okugezaako okuzannya Katemba ow'okusiteegi.<ref name=":02">{{cite podcast|last=Anthony|first=Luke|title=Agnes Akite - Uganda Special|website=The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast|date=7 April 2019|url=https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|accessdate=9 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531161219/https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="monitor2">{{Cite web |title=Comedienne Agnes Akite's complicated path to stardom |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Comedienne-Agnes-Akite-complicated-path-stardom/689842-4984156-158g348z/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> Oluvannyuma yegatta ku Comedy Files. Mu 2015, y'omu ku baazannya Queens of Comedy Uganda vs Kings of Comedy Rwanda mu Kigali. Mu 2016, yalabikira mu Girl from Mparo nga Mama Brian, omuzannyo ogwalagibwanga ku UBC<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl From Mparo |url=https://ubc.ug/index.php/timetable/event/mparo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161802/https://ubc.ug/index.php/timetable/event/mparo/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=Uganda Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> n'oluvannyuma ne guteekebwa ku DSTV's Pearl Magic. Mu 2018, endagaano ye ne Comedy Files ng'eweddeko, Agnes yatandika okukola emirimu gye obwomu ku mikutu gya katemba egy'enjawulo, omuli Rock Comedy ne Comedy Store Ug, ayanjulibwa [[Alex Muhangi]]. Mu mwezi Ogw'omukaaga, yalabika mu kivulu ekya Kampala Comedy, ogwategekebwa Okello Okello, munnakatemba omwatuukirivu mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atungisa |first=Don |date=2 July 2018 |title=PHOTOS: How it Went Down at the Inaugural Kampala Comedy Festival |url=https://pulse.mtn.co.ug/photos-how-it-went-down-at-the-inaugural-kampala-comedy-festival%20) |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=MTN Pulse}} - {{Cite web |last=Nakassanje |first=Winnie |date=5 July 2018 |title=The First Ever Kampala Comedy Festival Reveals New Internationals |url=https://kampalasun.co.ug/2018/07/05/the-first-ever-kampala-comedy-festival-reveales-new-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203732/https://kampalasun.co.ug/2018/07/05/the-first-ever-kampala-comedy-festival-reveales-new-international/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=The Kampala Sun}}</ref> Bwe yakomawo mu Comedy Stores UG mu Ogw'omunaana, yakwata abantu omubabiro.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=20 July 2018 |title=Comedienne Agned Arach Impresses Revellers on Comedy Store |url=https://www.softpower.ug/comedienne-agnes-arach-impresses-revellers-on-comedy-store/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=Soft Power News}}</ref> Ekitundu ky'omuzannyo ogwo kyayatiikirira nnyo ku mukutu ogwa ''[[WhatsApp]]'', gye yatenderezebwa ennyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=20 July 2018 |title=Comedienne Agned Arach Impresses Revellers on Comedy Store |url=https://www.softpower.ug/comedienne-agnes-arach-impresses-revellers-on-comedy-store/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=Soft Power News}}</ref> Yagamba nti omuzannyo guno gwali gumanyiddwa nnyo olw'omulimu gwa Comedy Store gwe yakola ku mikutu emigatta bantu, ne Kakensa Media, olwokubeera n'abagoberezi abangi ku Facebook.<ref name=":03">{{cite podcast|last=Anthony|first=Luke|title=Agnes Akite - Uganda Special|website=The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast|date=7 April 2019|url=https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|accessdate=9 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531161219/https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakati w'Ogwomunaana n'Ogwekkuminoogumu, Agnes yali omu ku ba UG Pineapple Comedy Tour, ekyamutwala mu bitundu by'eggwanga eby'enjawulo omuli [[Mbale]], [[Gulu]], [[Fort Portal]], [[Jinja]], ne [[Mbarara (disitulikit)|Mbarara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oneal |first=Nicholas |date=1 August 2018 |title=Kampala Comedians Thrill Mbale Residents |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1482561/kampala-comedians-thrill-mbale-residents |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=New Vision }} - {{Cite web |last=Emorut |first=Brian |date=19 September 2018 |title=Gulu Comedy Fans Embrace Ug Pineapple |url=http://guide2uganda.ug/weekend-buzz-gulu-comedy-fans-embrace-ug-pineapple-comedy-tour/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=Guide 2 Uganda }} - {{Cite web |last=Shantel |first=Denzel |date=21 November 2018 |title=Jinja Comedy Fans Get a Taste of the New Ug Pineapple |url=https://www.showbizuganda.com/jinja-comedy-fans-get-a-taste-of-the-new-ug-pineapple/?pr=70278&lang=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Showbiz Uganda }} - {{Cite web |last=Abenaitwe |first=Cliff |date=21 November 2018 |title=Fanfare at the Mbarara Ug Pineapple Comedy Tour |url=https://mbararanews.co.ug/fanfare-at-the-mbarara-ug-pineapple-comedy-tour-lf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126195152/https://mbararanews.co.ug/fanfare-at-the-mbarara-ug-pineapple-comedy-tour-lf/ |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date= |website=Mbarara News |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yali omu ku baali mu kibinja kya Comedy Store Ug ekyagenda e Mbarara okuzannya emizannyo gyayo egisookera ddala ebweru wa Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=25 September 2018 |title=PICTORIAL: MC Mariachi Wows Mbarara During Comedy Store's Tour |url=https://www.softpower.ug/pictorial-mc-mariachi-wows-mbarara-during-comedy-stores-tour/ |access-date=26 September 2019 |website=SoftPower News}}</ref> Agnes yalabikira omulundi ogwasooka mu kitundu eky'okuna ekya ''Africa'' Laughs nga 8 Ogwekkumi mu [[Kampala Serena Hotel]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larubi |first=Robert |date=9 October 2018 |title=Africa Laughs Season 4 Drama and Humour Leaves Revellers in Tears |url=https://www.softpower.ug/africa-laughs-season-4-drama-and-humour-leave-revelers-in-tears/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Soft Power News }} - {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 October 2018 |title=Africa Laughs Season 4 Leaves Uganda Dying with Laughter |url=http://www.ghafla.com/ug/africa-laughs-season-4-leaves-uganda-dying-with-laughter/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=12 October 2018 |website=Ghafla }} - {{Cite web |last=Matooke |first=Republic |date=9 October 2018 |title=Drama and Rib Cracking Laughter Light Up Africa Laughs Season 4 |url=https://matookerepublic.com/2018/10/09/drama-and-rib-cracking-humour-light-up-africa-laughs-season-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132107/https://matookerepublic.com/2018/10/09/drama-and-rib-cracking-humour-light-up-africa-laughs-season-4/ |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=Matooke Republic |url-status=dead }}</ref> eyategekebwa [[Patrick Salvador Idringi]], n'abazannyi ba katemba abalala okwali [[Basketmouth]], Alfred Kainga, [[Eddie Kadi]], Mc Jesse, Pulofeesa Haimo, ne Arthur Nkusi. Mu Gwekkumineebiri, yaddamu okuzannya, ku mulundi guno ng'ali ne [[Fun Factory]] mu firimu ez'ebitundu eziragibwa ku TV eyitibwa ''Mizigo Express'', nga muganzi wa Sam. Ku ntandikwa ey'Ogwokusatu 2019, Agnes yatandikawo era n'atongoza [[Arise Woman!]] [[Comedy Jam]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=28 October 2024 |title=Akite Agnes Marks 10 Years of Comedy in Grand Style – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241028/akite-agnes-marks-10-years-of-comedy-in-grand-style/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref>ku [[lunaku lw'abakyala olw'ensi yonna]]. Mu kukuza olunaku lw'okuwummula, omuzannyo gwaliko abakazi bonna abazannyi aba Katemba,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulanyi |first=Rachael |date=11 March 2019 |title=Female comedians celebrate Women's day in a comedy show dubbed 'Arise Woman Comedy Jam |url=https://matookerepublic.com/2019/03/11/female-comedians-celebrate-womens-day-in-a-comedy-show-dubbed-arise-woman-comedy-jam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402080020/https://matookerepublic.com/2019/03/11/female-comedians-celebrate-womens-day-in-a-comedy-show-dubbed-arise-woman-comedy-jam/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=12 March 2019 |website=Matooke Republic |url-status=dead }}</ref> omwali Nancy Kobusheshe, Maggie the Bwaiserian, Rich Mouth, Dora Nakagga, Leila Kachapizo, n'abakyala ba Fun Factory. Ekitundu ky'ensimbi ezaava mu lulaga luno zaweebwa eri abetaaga obuyambi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emuk |first=Benjamen |date=9 March 2019 |title=Ugandan Female Comics Dedicate 'Arise Woman Comedy Jam' Show to Charity |url=https://life.chimpreports.com/ugandan-female-comics-dedicate-arise-woman-comedy-jam-show-to-charity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081323/https://life.chimpreports.com/ugandan-female-comics-dedicate-arise-woman-comedy-jam-show-to-charity/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=12 March 2019 |website=Chimp Reports}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'Ogwokusatu, Agnes yaddayo e Kigali ng'ali mu Seka Fest, n'abazannyi abalala okuva mu Uganda, Kenya, ne Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar. R |date=1 April 2019 |title=Ugandan comedians shine at Kigali's Seka fest |url=http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201904/news/events/ugandan-comedians-shine-at-kigalis-seka-fest.html |access-date=2 April 2019 |website=Sqoop}}</ref> Mu Gwokuna, yalabikira mu The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast, eyalagibwa ''omukubi'' wa firimu Luke Anthony ng'ekitundu kya Uganda Special.<ref name=":04">{{cite podcast|last=Anthony|first=Luke|title=Agnes Akite - Uganda Special|website=The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast|date=7 April 2019|url=https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|accessdate=9 April 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531161219/https://thecomediansoutluke.podbean.com/e/10-agnes-akite-uganda-special/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2019, yali omu ku bannakatemba ba Uganda abeetaba mu Laugh Festival mu Nairobi, Kenya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkurunzinza |first=James Peter |date=5 July 2019 |title=Rwandan comedian to perform at the 'Laugh Festival' in Nairobi |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-comedian-perform-laugh-festival-nairobi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725035756/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-comedian-perform-laugh-festival-nairobi |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=The New Times}} - {{Cite web |last=Zuri |first=Admin |date=24 July 2019 |title=International Laugh Festival (3rd Edition) |url=https://zurinews.com/laugh-festival-3-in-back-the-comedy-heist-full-infor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925081054/https://zurinews.com/laugh-festival-3-in-back-the-comedy-heist-full-infor/ |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |website=Zuri News}} - {{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=Elizabeth |date=26 July 2019 |title=Laugh Festival Back for Round 3 |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2019-07-26-laugh-festival-back-for-round-3/ |access-date=25 September 2019 |website=The Star}} - {{Cite web |last=Kagonye |first=Fredrick |date=20 July 2019 |title=Wamlambez Dominates Laugh Festival |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001335745/wamlambez-dominates-laugh-festival |access-date=25 September 2019 |website=Standard Digital}}</ref> ate mu Gw'omwenda, yazannya mu Uganda North America Association Convention mu Chicago. Mu Gwekkumineebiri, ye yakulemberamu omukolo gwa One Africa Festival, ng'agezaako okulwanyisa obukyayi mu [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2019 |title=Comedy show fight against xenophobia |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/comedy-show-fight-against-xenophobia-20191216 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=News24}}</ref> Agnes yagenda mu maaso naategeka olulaga lwa ''Arise Woman Comedy Jam'' ''mu Gwokusatu 2020 era nga yaliwamu n'abakazi abalala okuva mu'' [[Fun Factory Uganda]] wamu ne [[Anne Kansiime]] n'abalala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matooke |first=Republic |date=4 March 2020 |title=Season Two of Arise Women Comedy Jam set to crack ribs this Friday – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20200304/season-two-of-arise-women-comedy-jam-set-to-crack-ribs-this-friday/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref> Mu Ogw'omwenda 2022, Agnes ye yaweebwa ekyokuba muzannyi eyaggulawo olulaga mu ''Africa Laughs'' eya [[Patrick Salvador Idringi|Patrick Salvado Idringi]] ey'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=31 October 2022 |title=Africa Laughs 6 succeeds in debunking the stereotypes tagged on Uganda's stand-up |url=https://pluggedaily.com/2022/10/31/africa-laughs-6-succeeds-in-debunking-the-stereotypes-tagged-on-ugandas-standup/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Plugged}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Namutebi |first=Phiona |date=26 October 2022 |title=Africa Laughs comedy show is back at Kololo Airstrip |url=https://capitalradio.co.ug/entertainment/2022-10-26-africa-laughs-comedy-show-is-back-at-kololo-airstrip/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Capital Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2022 |title=Africa Laughs returns with comedic masterpiece |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/africa-laughs-returns-with-comedic-masterpiece/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=The Independent Uganda}}</ref> Nga 23 Ogwekkumi 2024 yategeka olulaga lwe yekka ku National Theatre lwe yatuuma Son of Opio.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=28 October 2024 |title=Akite Agnes Marks 10 Years of Comedy in Grand Style – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241028/akite-agnes-marks-10-years-of-comedy-in-grand-style/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref> [[File:Fun_Factory_Ladies.jpg|alt=|thumb|257x257px|Abakyala okuva mu [[:en:Fun_Factory_Uganda|Fun Factory]] nga baliko akatundu katemba gwebakola mu lulaga olwa mu Arise Woman]] == Sitayiro ye eya Katemba == Enkola ya Agnes ey'okuzanyira ku siteegi ya Katemba ow'okwetegereza, mwatunuulira embeera eyewuunyisa mu bulamu bw'omuntu. Era olumu akozesa embeera ey'okwenyooma. Yeewala eby'obufuzi. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Agnes mwana wakutaano<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=28 October 2024 |title=Akite Agnes Marks 10 Years of Comedy in Grand Style – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241028/akite-agnes-marks-10-years-of-comedy-in-grand-style/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref> mu maka agalimu abalenzi babiri, Richard ne Emmanuel, ne bagandabe mukaaga,Cathy, Grace, Mary, Susan, Harriet, ne Doreen. Muzadde wa baana babiri, Noel ne Brianna, era alina enkolagana ne Brian Makalama. Mukatoliki era asabira mu Kkanisa eya Our Lady of Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baike |first=Prisca |title=Comedian Agnes Akite has Bone to Pick with Minister Lokodo |url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/43766-comedian-agnes-akite-has-bone-to-pick-with-minister-lokodo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095434/https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/43766-comedian-agnes-akite-has-bone-to-pick-with-minister-lokodo |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=The Observer |location=Uganda}}</ref> Nga 9 Ogwekkumineebiri, yalumbibwa naakubwa ababbi bwe yali ava e Najjeera ku lulaga ekiro era yalumizibwa n'ekiwudu ku mutwe wamu n'ebinuubule ku liiso.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=28 October 2024 |title=Akite Agnes Marks 10 Years of Comedy in Grand Style – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241028/akite-agnes-marks-10-years-of-comedy-in-grand-style/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Solomon |date=14 November 2023 |title=Comedienne Agnes Akite attacked and robbed by thugs after a quiz night session |url=https://mbu.ug/2023/11/14/agnes-akite-comedienne-robbed/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=MBU}}</ref> == Obuyambi bw'abantu == Agnes y'omu ku batandisi era akulira ekitongole ekya Arise Woman Foundation,<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=28 October 2024 |title=Akite Agnes Marks 10 Years of Comedy in Grand Style – Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241028/akite-agnes-marks-10-years-of-comedy-in-grand-style/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Matooke Republic}}</ref> ekirwanirira n'okuzzaamu amaanyi n'essuubi abakazi n'abavubuka. [citation needed] Ensimbi eziva mu kibiina ekya Arise Women! Comedy Jam ziweebwa eri Home of Hope, Jinja. [citation needed] == Firimu ze == {| class="wikitable" |+Emirundi gy'alabise ng'azannya mu firimu ne ttivi !Omwaka !Ekitiibwa !Omulimu gwe !Olukalala !Ebyafaayo |- |2009-2012 |''The Hostel'' |Envubu |NTV Uganda, DStv Africa Magic Entertainment, ZUKU TV, ne NTV KENYA | |- |2016 |Girl from Mparo |Maama Brian |[[Uganda Broadcasting Corporation|UBC]], DStv Pearl Magic | |- |2018 kati |''Mizigo Express'' |Muganzi wa Sam |DStv- Pearl Magi | |} == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * Akite Agnes at IMDb [[Category:Bannakatemba]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1983]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannakatemba abayimirira bokka ku sitegi ne basesa abantu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abazannyi ba katemba]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abazannyi ba firimu]] [[Category:Abantu abava e Kampala]] [[Category:Abaasomerako ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere University]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Abakatoliki]] jyb4vaueiw2u1d4ya0m6zs74nedvzxk 0 9689 59013 35666 2026-07-05T08:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stella Nyanzi, September 2020 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Stella Nyanzi]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Stella Nyanzi''' yazaalibwa ng'enaku z'omwezi 16 mu mwezi ogw'omukaaga mu mwaka gwa 1974<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/stella-nyanzi</ref> munayuganda omulwanirizi w'eddembe ly'abantu, omuwandiisi w'ebitontome, yasoma eby'obulamu bw'abantu n'enddwadde ezibeeba zibaluma okulwanirira eddembe ly'abakyala, munamateeka alwanirira eddembe ly'abantu mukugu mu by'okwegata, ebya kizaala gumba n'eby'obulamu bw'abantu. Yakwatibwa mu mwaka gwa 2017 olw'okuyisaamu amaaso omukulembezze w'eggwanga lya Uganda.Mu mwezi oguysooka mu mwaka gwa 2022, yakirizibwa okubeera mu ggwanga lya [[:en:Germany|Girimaani]] kunteekateeka y'abawandiisi abali mu buwangaguse edukannyizibwa PEN Germany, n'abaana bbe abasatu .<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/27/im-free-at-last-ugandas-rudest-poet-stella-nyanzi-on-prison-protest-and-finding-new-voice-in-germany</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}http://nilepost.co.ug/2022/01/20/who-is-after-dr-stella-nyanzi-political-activist-flees-to-germany-citing-political-persecution-again/</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}https://afronews.de/africans-in-germany/ugandan-activist-stella-nyanzi-moves-germany-finds-freedom/</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}https://afronews.de/africans-in-germany/ugandan-activist-stella-nyanzi-moves-germany-finds-freedom/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Nyanzi yafuna [[:en:Bachelor_of_Arts|diguli ye mu Arts]] mu by'amawulire ne mu by'okuwandiika okuva mu [[:en:Makerere_University|setendekero lye Makerere]] gyeyasomera okuviira ddala mu mwaka gwa 1993 okutuusa mu mwaka gwa 1996.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web}}</ref> Yafuna [[:en:Master_of_Science|diguli ye ey'okubiri mu bya sayaansi]] mu [[:en:Medical_anthropology|by'okumannya eby'obulamu bw'abantu]] n'enddwadde ezibaluma okuba mutendekero lya [[:en:University_College_London|University College London]], gyeyasomera okuva mu mwaka gwa 1999 okutuusa omwaka gwa 2000.<ref name=":1" /> Yafuna [[:en:Doctor_of_Philosophy|diguli ye ey'okusatu]] mu [[:en:Anthropology|by'okumannya eby'obulamu bw'abantu]] okuva muytendekero lya [[:en:London_School_of_Hygiene_&_Tropical_Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]], gyeyasomera ebikwata ku by'obulamu obwetoolodde eby'okwegata n'abavubuka n'eby'obulamu okuva mu mwaka gwa 2003 okutuusa mu mwaka gwa 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Nyanzi yakomekereza okunoonyereza ku bikwatagana ku by'okwegata mu bavubuka mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] ssaako nemu ggwanga lya [[:en:The_Gambia|The Gambia]] mu mwaka gwa 2005.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20190507015646/https://blizz.co.ug/stella-nyanzi-biography-cv-background-marriage-career-war-museveni/</ref> == Emirimu gye == Nyanzi yatqndika emirimu gye mu mwaka gwa 1997 ng'akola gwakunoonyereza ku byasayaansi mu nga 'social science research associate' ku [[:en:Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (UK) Programme mu Uganda, gyeyakolera okutuusa mu mu mwezi gw'omwenda mu mwaka gwa 2002.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web}}</ref> Yafuna ekifo ekipya ng<nowiki>'akola ng'omunoonyereza ku by'obulamu bw'abantu mu ''Medical Research Council Laboratories'', The Gambia, gyeyakolera okumala omwaka gumu oluvannyuma n'alekulira. Yalekulira ekifo ekyo okusobola okumaliriza diguli ye ey'</nowiki>okusatu mu kibuga [[:en:London|London]].<ref name=":1" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2009, Nyanzi yatandika ku pulojekiti kusentendekero ly'e Makerere ng'omunoonyereza ku by'amateeka, eby'ekikula ky'abantu wamu n'okwegata mu by'obufumbo, ng'omu kubeekitongole ky'amateeka gyeyakolera okutuusa mu mwezi ogw'ekumineebiri mu mwaka gwa 2013. Yakole ng'omunoonyereza mu tendekero lya [[:en:Makerere_Institute_of_Social_Research|Makerere Institute of Social Research]] okutuusa mu mwaka gwa 2016. Ng'ali eyo, yasabibwa okusomesa mu pulogulaamu empya eya diguli ey'okusatu eyali eyitibwa Mamdani PHD Project, wabula n'agaana. Ofiisi ye baagigala era ng'eky'okulabibwako ekyali mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika gyebaali bagoberera eby'okulwanirira eddembe ly'abakyala ng'omukugu Naminata Diabate kyeyayita " [https://africana.cornell.edu/naminata-diabate obubaka obutayambadde]" yeekalaakaasa nga tayambadde eri eyali mukamaawe .<ref>{{Cite web}}http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/The-Dr-Stella-Nyanzi-you-did-not-know-/691232-3178870-r84xty/index.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/The-Dr-Stella-Nyanzi-you-did-not-know-/691232-3178870-r84xty/index.html</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okukwatibwa mu mwaka gwa 2017, Nyanzi yayimirizibwa obutaddamu kukolera kusetendekero ly'e Makerere yasaayo okusaba kwe eri mu kakiiko ka setendekero ly'e Makerere akakola ku by'emisango akakikyusa nekagamba adizibwe mu kifo kye kyeyali akolamu , n'akuzibwa okubeera omunoonyereza ekyalina okukolebwa mu bwanguddala, n'asasula emisaala gye gyonna.<ref name="monitor.co.ug">{{Cite web}}https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Stella-Nyanzi-says-suffered-miscarriage-in-jail/688334-4927622-3oxu3oz/index.html</ref> Yunivasite yagaana okugoberera okusalawo kw'akakiiko kaayo akajulirwamu, era n'awaaba omusango mu kooti ng'asaba okudizibwa omulimu gwe n'omusasulwa .<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Makerere-lifts-Stella-Nyanzi-suspension/1066-4789122-hy36pk/index.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Court-sets-date-for-Nyanzi--case-against-Makerere--/1066-4916964-7b2hbxz/index.html</ref> Mu ku muddamu, mu mwezi ogw'ekumineebiri mu mwaka gwa 2018, yunivasite yamugoba n'abalala 45 ng'egamba endagaano ye yali eweddeko.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Makerere-University-sacks-Stella-Nyanzi/1066-4906744-uwkb5i/index.html</ref> Nyanzi akozeeko n'emirimu gy'okwebuzibwako mu bitongole by'okunoonyerezaako ebiwerako wabweru a Uganda n'eggwanga lya The Gambia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Nyanzi alina obukugu mu by'akola ng'awandiise engero za emirundi 61 n'eby'oba olina okugobereera okuva mu butabo 2,049 wetwatukira mu mwezi ogw'okutaana mu mwaka gwa 2022. Ng'otunulidde engero zebasinga okwetanira zeeziri kungeri abavubuka ba Uganda gyebatesaamu ku by'okugenda mu by'omukwata nadala mu by'okwegata,<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=83–98}}</ref> eneeyisa eri okukeberebwa oba balina akawuka kamukemeya nadala eri abakyala abasuubirirwa okuzaala oba abalina embuto,<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=605–615}}</ref> Abakyala okuva mu Uganda engeri gyebeefugamu nga kituuse ku by'okwegata ,<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=585–598}}</ref> Abasajja b'e Uganda engeri gyebeeyisaamu nga kituuse ku by'okukozesa obukerenda obwa kizaala gumba ,<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=197–211}}</ref> neeneeyisa n'ebibinja ebingi wekituuka ku by'okwegata.<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=239–254}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|issue=13–26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|issue=557–569}}</ref> y'omu kubakugu abaasoka okuwandiika n'okufulumya ebikwatagana ku bui bw'ebisiyaga ku semazinga wa Afrika.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|issue=952–967}}[[Template:Cite journal]]</ref> == Okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu == Nyanzi akola abakugu kyebayita "radical rudeness," engeri y'abayuganda ey'obuwangwa mwebayita okutegeeza abantu abaamaanyi okulaga nti bayisiddwamu amaaso.<ref name="Thomas" /><ref name="Thomas">{{Cite web}}https://www.ifex.org/uganda/2018/12/05/stella-nyanzi-profile/</ref> Kyatandikibwawo mu biseera by'amawanga bwegaali gafugibwa abazungu nga engeri y'embi gyebaali bayisaamu abantu, obutabanguko, okutaataganya n'obutali butebenkevu ekyamenya omukwano kw'abafuzi bamatwale, enkolagana n'okuganyulwa mu byebaali baleese."<ref>https://www.ifex.org/uganda/2018/12/05/stella-nyanzi-profile/<nowiki/>Summers, Carol. </ref> Nyanzi alwaniridde eddembe ly'abakyala mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] , abavubuka n'abantu aba [[:en:LGBT|LGBTQIA+]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211210/RlFzK179BGo Ghostarchive] and the {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlFzK179BGo|title=#PMLIVE: Dr. Stella Nyanzi Launches the #PADS4GIRLSUG Campaign|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2023-03-21|archive-date=2021-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120163247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlFzK179BGo|url-status=bot: unknown}}: {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlFzK179BGo|title=#PMLIVE: Dr. Stella Nyanzi Launches the #PADS4GIRLSUG Campaign|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ng'enaku z'omwezi 6 mumwezi ogw'okusatu mu mwaka gwa 2017, Nyanzi yatongoza pulojekiti eyali eyitibwa 'Pads4girlsUg', nga yali akwatiddwako nnyo ku baana aboobuwala abaali balemeddwa okusoma olw'okubeera nga baali tebasobola kufuna oba kugula bikozesebwa nga bagenze munsonga z'ekikyala. Yakungaanya ebikozesebwa ebisoba mu lukumi ebyali bisobola okukozesebwa emirundi egiwera, n'abigabula abaana abawala abagenda kumasomero nga kuno kweyateeka n'okubabulirira ku bikwatagana ku by'okugenda munsonga z'ekikyala.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":0" /> == Okukwatibwa == Mu mwezi ogw'okusatu mu mwaka gwa 2017, Nyanzi yayita pulezidenti Museveni nga bweyali afaanana amatako "a pair of buttocks."<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20211120163322/https://pen-international.org/news/uganda-must-release-academic-stella-nyanzi-and-drop-all-charges-against-her</ref> Ng'enaku z'omwezi 7 mu mwezi ogw'okuna, mu mwaka gwa 2017, Nyanzi yakwatibwa n'agalirwa poliisi ya Kiira nga bamuvunaana olw'okukozesa obubi emikutu gy'emitimbagano n'okubeera nga yakozesa olulimi olukyamu.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20210621230044/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/04/10/nyanzi-charged-of-cyber-harassment-subjected-to-medical-examination/</ref> Ng'enaku z'omwezi 10, mu mwezi ogw'okuna mu mwaka gwa 2017, yaleetebwa mu kooti gyeyavunaanibwa ogw'okukozesa obubi ebyuma bikalimagezi oba kompuyuuta, n'okuweebuula emikutu gya yintaneeti nga kuno kwekwali n'okufuma pulezidenti wansi w'akawaayiro namba 24, ne 25 akakwata kunkozesa embi ey'akawayiro ka kompuyuuta akafulumizibwa mu mwaka gwa 2011.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Stella-Nyanzi--remanded-Yoweri-Museveni/1066-4890134-10qssupz/index.html</ref> Yatwalibwa mu [[:en:Luzira_Maximum_Security_Prison|komera ly'e Luzira]]. Ng'enaku z'omwezi 11 mu mwezi ogw'okuna mu mwaka gwa 2017, abasawo okuva mu [[:en:Luzira_Maximum_Security_Prison|ddwaliro ly'abalwadde b'emitwe ery'e Butabika]] baasabibwa okwekebejja Nyanzi oba yali alina [[:en:Psychiatric_assessment|ekikyamu ku bwongo]], ng'omuwaabi wa gavumenti bweyali agamba. Wabula Nyanzi yagaana okumwekebejja wabula n'asaba omusawo we ng'omuntu ssaako n'omu kubantu okuva mu famire ye nti balina okubeerawosinga baali baakumwekebejja oba mulwadde.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20170414154013/http://ugblizz.com/stella-nyanzi-biography-cv-background-marriage-career-war-museveni</ref> Ng'enaku z'omwezi 10 mu mwezi ogw'okutaano mu mwaka ogwa 2017, Nyanzi yayimbulwa kukakalu ka kooti nga bawaddeyo 10,000,000/= [[:en:Ugandan_shilling|akassente za Uganda]] nga mu za Amerika (US$2904) naye tezaali zabuliwo.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web}}http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Nyanzi-returns-court-today/688334-3920712-3em3w8/index.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/activist-who-called-president-museveni-pair-of-buttocks-gets-bail-20170510</ref> u mwezi ogw'ekumu mu mwaka gwa 2018, baamuzaayo mu komera. Teyasaba kweyimirirwa kuba yali akimannyi nti yali agenda kubeera bulungi ng'ali mu komera, ng'era yali ayagala kusigala ng'akola emirimu gye egy'okusomesa ng'ali n'abakazi b'omukomera.<ref>{{Cite web}}http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/activist-who-called-president-museveni-pair-of-buttocks-gets-bail-20170510</ref><ref name=":0"/> Mu mwezi ogw'ekumineebiri mu mwaka gwa 2018, munamateeka we yavumirira ebyali biwawabiddwa Nyanzi nga webitaali mumateeka.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Stella-Nyanzi-spend-Christmas-Luzira-prison/688334-4902486-1per72z/index.html</ref> In mwezi ogusooka mu mwaka gwa 9, Nyanzi askenakuz 'omwezi zeyalina okuddayo mu kooti okwongezebwaayo kuba yali teyeewulira bulungi nga mulwadde lwadde kuba yali avuddemu olubuto ng'ali mu komera.<ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Stella-Nyanzi-says-suffered-miscarriage-in-jail/688334-4927622-3oxu3oz/index.html</ref> Ng'enaku z'omwezi 2 mu mwezi ogw'omunaana mu mwakagwa 2019, yalaga [[:en:Breast|amabeere]] gge mungeri y'okuwakanya okubeera nga baamusalira okugenda mu komera.<ref>{{Cite news}}https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49210281</ref> == Ebimumannyiddwako n'engeri gyebamufunamu == Amawulire g'ensi yonna gamuyita omu kubantu abasinga okulwanirira eddembe ly'ekikula ky'abantu,"<ref name="ifex.org">{{Cite web}}https://www.ifex.org/uganda/2018/12/05/stella-nyanzi-profile/</ref> "omukugu eyali akulembeddemu mu Afrika mukusoma engeri y'okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu,"<ref name="Thomas"/> n'omukulembezze alwanisa amateeka agateekebwawo nga ganyigiriza eddembe ly'abantu, n'eddembe ly'okweyogeerera."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211210/RlFzK179BGo Ghostarchive] and the {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlFzK179BGo|title=#PMLIVE: Dr. Stella Nyanzi Launches the #PADS4GIRLSUG Campaign|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2023-03-21|archive-date=2021-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120163247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlFzK179BGo|url-status=bot: unknown}}: {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlFzK179BGo|title=#PMLIVE: Dr. Stella Nyanzi Launches the #PADS4GIRLSUG Campaign|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Okusoma kwe kusobozeseza okumannyisa abantu nti omusajja y'akulira amaka, omukyala talina kunyigirizibwa, n'okuvumirira oba okulaga obuli [[:en:Homophobia|bw'ebisiyaga]] nga webuteetagibwa mu Uganda, The Gambia, ne [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]."<ref name="Thomas" /> Abamu batwala okukwatibwa kwe okubeera ng'emu kunsonga gyebaali bagamba nti yeekobaana n'abali bebisiyaga, okusinga ensonga endala.<ref name=":0"/> Okulaajana okw'ensi yonna kwagoberera Stella Nyanzi oluavnnyuma lw'okubeera nga yali akwatiddwa, ng'ebibiina ebirwanirizi by'eddembe ly'abantu livumirira enkola eno nga bweyali erinyirira eddembe ly'obuyigirize, wamu n'okwenyonyolako oba ery'okuvaayo nebakutegeera. [[:en:Amnesty_International|Ekitongole ekikola kubanoonyi boobubuddamu ekya Amnesty International]] kyategeeza Uganda okugyawo ebyali bivunaanibwa Nyanzi nga kigamba byali tebirina makulu ng'era byabuliimba.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/12/uganda-drop-absurd-charges-against-academic-stella-nyanzi/</ref> Pen International, ekiwandiikira ekitongole kino kyavumirira okukwatibwa kwe.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/12/uganda-drop-absurd-charges-against-academic-stella-nyanzi/</ref> Ekirondoola eddembe ly'abantu ekya 'Human Rights Watch' kyavumirira okukwatibwa kwe nga kigamba kano kino kyaali kiraga abo abagyayo endowooza zaabwe embi eri gavumenti ya Uganda, nadala famire ga pulezidneti, nga babeera bagenda kubalaga obusungu bwabwe ."<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web}}https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/academic-stella-nyanzi-charged-cyber-harassment-170410183134831.html</ref> Kampuni z'amawulire g'ensi yonna gaawandiika kunsonga ezaali zimukwasiza ng'ezaali zeekuusa ku by'obufuzi. NPR yafulumya nti okukwatibwa kwe kwali kwakuwa ssuubi " nti abatalina maanyi na bwogerero baali basobola okwengaanga abo abeeyita abaamaanyi."<ref>{{Cite news}}https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/08/609390039/she-strips-she-swears-she-goes-to-jail-for-the-good-of-her-country</ref> ''[[:en:The_Washington_Post|The Washington Post]]'' gaawandiika nti okukwatibwa kwe kwakubeera nga yali ayogedde ku Museveni ng'era tawagira biki byeyali akola."<ref>Max Bearak, 12 April 2017, "This professor called her president ‘a pair of buttocks.’ </ref> ''[[:en:Al_Jazeera|Al Jazeera]] mu uzungu yafulumya ng'egamba nti okukwatibwa kwe kwali kwekuusa ku kyakubeera nga Museveni yali ayagala kufuga obulamu bwe bwonna ng'ate yali tayagala bamuwakanya''.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> Aga 'Canadian ''Globe and Mail'' gaafulumya nti okukwatibwa kwe gwegwaali omutima gwakyo kyonna nadala mukukozesa olulimi n'okugyema kwe okwali okw'obukambwe ku by'ekomo eri abakazi b'omu Uganda."<ref name="theglobeandmail.com">{{Cite news}}https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/academic-stella-nyanzi-charged-cyber-harassment-170410183134831.html</ref> Amawulire ga ''The Guardian'' gaafulumya okulumba kwe kwava ku gavumenti okubeera nga yali ageenye okuteeka ensiimbi mu bikozesebwa by'abaana aboobuwala mu kweyonja ekyavirako obuvugirizi bwanamungi w'omuntu okwatambula obulungi ssaako nemumakomera."<ref name="theglobeandmail.com" /> Mu Uganda, alina abawagizi abawerako, nga muno mwemuli n'abagoberezi ku mikutu gye gimukwanira wala oba egya 'social media' okusinga omuntu yenna mu Uganda.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com"/> Banji baamukungaanyiza ng'emere bweyali mukomera.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/academic-stella-nyanzi-charged-cyber-harassment-170410183134831.html</ref> Abakugu mu Uganda baamutendereza nnyo olw'okuyimirira mu abo abatutulugunya oba abatuyisa obubi."<ref>{{Cite web}}https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/academic-stella-nyanzi-charged-cyber-harassment-170410183134831.html</ref> Munamateeka we Isaac Kimaze Semakadde yatuumibwa <nowiki>''munamateeka eyali asinga wekyatuuka mu by'okuwozesa mu kooti y'abantu" ab'ekibiina ky'abanamateeka ekya Uganda Law Society, olw'</nowiki>omulimu gweyakoma mu musango guno.<ref>{{Cite news}}https://www.independent.co.ug/isaac-semakadde-legal-rebel-anti-clockwise-thinker/</ref> Mu Uganda, "eby'obuwangwa eby'amaanyi ebitangira omuntu okwogera mulujudde ku by'okwegadanda oba eby'obukaba gyebiri, [[:en:Homosexuality|n'ebisiyaga]] tebikirizibwa mu mateeka nga n'okusomesa ku by'okwegata byawerebwa mu masomero." Naye, Nyanzi ayogera mulujudde, n'akusiigira ekifaanannyi kubikwatagana ku by'okwegata, ebitundu by'ekyama wamu n'eby'obufuzi. Ng'eno y'ensonga lwaki yeegombebwa banaansi banne mu bungi, naye ng'alabikwa bubi abantu abeetwala okubeera aboobuvunaanyibwa mu Uganda."<ref name="ifex.org"/> == Obuwangaguse == Ng'enaku z'omwezi 30, mu mwezi ogusooka mu mwaka gwa 2021, Nyanzi yatuuka mu kibuga ky'e [[:en:Nairobi,_Kenya|Nairobi,]] mu ggwanga lya [[:en:Nairobi,_Kenya|Kenya]] ng'akozesa baasi, era ng'ayita mu banamateeka bbe, omukenkufu [[:en:George_Luchiri_Wajackoyah|George Luchiri Wajackoyah]], yamusabira [[:en:Right_of_asylum|obutuuze]] mu [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], nga beekwasa okubeera nga baali baagala kumuta olw'ensonga z'eby'obufuzi nga kikolebwa gavumenti ekulemberwa Museveni mu Uganda Uganda.<ref name="ExileR">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[:en:Education_in_Uganda|Education in Uganda]] * [[:en:LGBT_Rights_in_Uganda|LGBT Rights in Uganda]] * [[Lwengo (disitulikit)|Lwengo District]] * [[:en:Lwengo_District|Mahmood Mamdani]] * [[:en:Sarah_Ssali|Sarah Ssali]] oa3731buu4nvn23l8bg5j27rp6ng0la 0 10213 58962 58574 2026-07-04T22:27:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akina Mama wa Afrika (AMwA)''' (kigambo kya [[Luswayili]] ekitegeeza "Abakyala Abafirika") ky'atandikibwawo mu 1985 mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ng'ekibiina ky'abakyala Abafirika. Mu kaseera kano kitongole ky'ansi yonna era kirimu [[Amawanga ga Africa ag'enjawulo]] [[kitongole kya bw'annakyewa]] ng'ekitebe ky'akyo ekikulu kiri mu [[Kampala]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]].<ref name="Guardian AMwA">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/dec/15/not-just-violent-clients-hurt-sex-workers|title=Not Just Violent Clients Hurt Sex Workers|date=15 December 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=25 November 2014|author=Ray, Audacia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makeeverywomancount.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4472:our-interview-of-the-month-with-leah-chatta-chipepa&catid=59:our-monthly-interview&Itemid=164|title=Our Interview of the Month with Leah Chatta-Chipepa|publisher=Make Every Woman Count|website=www.makeeverywomancount.org|date=5 November 2012|accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref> == Obuweereza bw'akyo == AMwA kinyonyorwa nga "ekifo awatendekerwa" era "entabiro" mu kisinde ky'abakyala mu Africa.<ref name="AMwA Sigrid Rausing">{{cite web |url=https://www.sigrid-rausing-trust.org/Grantees/Akina-Mama-Wa-Afrika|title=Akina Mama Wa Afrika|date=January 2004|publisher=Sigrid Rausing Trust|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="AMwA Sigrid Rausing2">{{cite web |url=https://www.sigrid-rausing-trust.org/Grantees/Akina-Mama-Wa-Afrika|title=Akina Mama Wa Afrika|date=January 2004|publisher=Sigrid Rausing Trust|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> Kissa essira ku kulinyisa obusobozi bw'abakala okwetaba mu bukulembeze ng'abayita mu nteekateeka z'ebyenjigiriza, okunoonyereza, okuteekawo obutuuti b'wokulwanirira eddembe wamu n'ebisinde okwegombesa bannabyabufuzi n'ababaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/strategy/|title=How We Work – Akina Mama wa Afrika|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2023-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526141027/https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/strategy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Porter|first1=Julieanne|last2=Johnson|first2=Sonali|last3=Amin|first3=Avni|last4=Garcia-Moreno|first4=Claudia|last5=Nordstrom|first5=Sara|last6=Teigeler|first6=Jutta|last7=Powell|first7=Jude|last8=Banda|first8=Aggie Kalungu|last9=Muyoyeta|first9=Honorine|date=2006|title=Views, Events, and Debates|journal=Gender and Development|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|volume=14|issue=3|pages=453–470|doi=10.1080/13552070600980963|jstor=20461166|s2cid=73238248|issn=1355-2074}}</ref> Mu 2014, AMwA, wamu n'ebitongole by'abakyala ebirala, bakola olukangaana mu Kampala ku mutwe ogwa "okwongera amaanyi eri edoboozi ly'abakyala abafirika mu nteekateeka za 2015".<ref>[http://wgnrr.org/african-civil-society-issue-a-statement-on-post-2015/ "African Civil Society Issues a Statement on Post-2015"], Women’s Global Network for Reproductive Rights (WGNRR), 15 July 2014.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meet the five strongest feminist groups in Africa|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/politics-meet-the-five-strongest-feminist-groups-in-africa/81pd13l.amp&ved=2ahUKEwj6nOD5jIL4AhWFzoUKHbcuD74QFnoECBEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2fYNo8MAdDMYrxmxI24u4t|access-date=2022-05-28|website=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref>Olukangaana luno lw'ali lwakujjukiza ku nsonga [[Abakyala abafirika|abakyala Abafirika]] z'ebasisinkan nga okutulugunyizibwa olw'ekikula ky'abwe.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Uganda: Violence against women unabated despite laws and policies |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/uganda-violence-against-women-unabated-despite-laws-and-policies |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref><ref name="New Vision Uganda">{{cite news|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657085-ugandan-men-worst-wife-batterers.html|title=Ugandan Men Worst Wife Batterers|date=1 July 2014|work=New Vision|location=Uganda|accessdate=25 November 2014|author1=Okoth, Cecily|author2=Adima, Anna}}</ref> Ebimu ku bitongole ebiyambyeko mu kuwagira Akina Mama wa Afrika mulimu [[African Women's Development Fund]] ne [[Sigrid Rausing Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-10 |title=Akina Mama wa Afrika |url=https://awdf.org/akina-mama-wa-afrika/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2004 |title=Akina Mama Wa Afrika |url=https://www.sigrid-rausing-trust.org/grantee/akina-mama-wa-afrika/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Sigrid Rausing Trust |language=en}}</ref> === Ettendekero lya African Women’s Leadership Institute (AWLI) === AWLI, lyatandikibwawo mu 1996, okusinga ly'assa essira ku nsonga ez'enjawulo omuli [[okutulugunya abantu okusinzira ku kikula]], [[Eddembe eri eby'obujjanjabi eri endwadde z'ekikaba|eby'obulamu by'abakyala mu kuzaala n'edembe lyabwe]], [[okulwanyisa obwavu]] n'okuzimbawo obutebenkevu.<ref name="Peace FM Online">{{cite web |title=Women Empowerment in Africa, AWDF shows the way |url=http://comment.peacefmonline.com/pages/features/201409/215458.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075744/http://comment.peacefmonline.com/pages/features/201409/215458.php |archive-date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=25 November 2014 |publisher=Peace FM Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=Africa: African Women's Leadership Institute (AWLI) {{!}} Pambazuka News |url=https://www.pambazuka.org/gender-minorities/africa-african-women%E2%80%99s-leadership-institute-awli |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.pambazuka.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-23 |title=A Diary from the African Women's Leadership Institute (AWLI) |url=https://awdf.org/a-diary-from-the-african-womens-leadership-institute-awli/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The African Women's Leadership Institute (AWLI) – Akina Mama wa Afrika |url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/the-african-womens-leadership-institute-awli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603045404/https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/the-african-womens-leadership-institute-awli/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kyateekebwatekebwa abakyala abakulembeze okuva mu Africa,okuwa obuwagizi obwekikuggu, enkolagana n'abantu ab'enjawulo saako n'emisomo eri abakyala abalwanirizi b'eddembe ly'obuntu abali mu myaka 18–45 okuva ku ssemazinga ez'enjawulo.<ref name=":0">Porter, Julieanne; Johnson, Sonali; Amin, Avni; Garcia-Moreno, Claudia; Nordstrom, Sara; Teigeler, Jutta; Powell, Jude; Banda, Aggie Kalungu; Muyoyeta, Honorine (2006).</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Christine Butegwa]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebijuliziddwa eby'ebweru wa Wikipediya == * [http://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/ Official website] [[Category:Ebitongole by'Abangereza eby'atandikibwawo mu 1985]] [[Category:Ebitongole by'abakyala abalwanirizi b'eddembe lyabwe mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ebitongole eby'atandikibwawo mu 1985]] [[Category:Eddembe ly'abakyala mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ebitongole by'abakyala mu Uganda]] i6y6uigjv9l3t8rxbt78nvfbpt7rzrg 0 10490 59008 56462 2026-07-05T02:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Irshad Manji 2012 (cropped).png|thumb|'''Irshad Manji 2012''']]   '''Irshad Manji''' (yazaalibwa mu 1968) Mu Canada ezaalwa y'e Uganda era Musomesa. Yemuwandiisi w'akatba ka ''[[:en:The_Trouble_with_Islam_Today|The Trouble with Islam Today]]'' (2004) ne ''Allah, Liberty and Love'' (2011), ng'ebitabo bino by'ombi byaweeebwa mu mawanga g'Abasiraamu.<ref name="Bedell">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian</ref><ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/malaysia-reverse-book-ban</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170801195549/https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/19/215087.html</ref> Era yafulumya filimu ey'okuvumbula eya [[:en:Public_Broadcasting_Service|PBS]] mu filimu z'obutundu eza ''[[:en:America_at_a_Crossroads|America at a Crossroads]]'', nga yagituuma ''Faith Without Fear'', ng'eno yalondebwa mu awaadi za [[:en:Emmy_Award|Emmy Award]] mu 2008.<ref name="Bedell" /><ref name="Emmy">https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023527/http://emmyonline.com/news_29th_nominations</ref> Yali munnamawulire era muweereza w'oku Telefayina, Manji mulwanirizi w'enkyukakyuka mu ddiini y'Obusiraamu ekiyitibwa [[:en:Liberalism_and_progressivism_in_the_Muslim_world#Reform|reformist interpretation of Islam]] era avumirira [[:en:Literalistic_interpretation_of_Islam|entaputa egoberera ekitabo]] ky'Obusiraamu ekitukuvu ekya [[:en:Qur'an|Qur'an]].  Ekitabo kye ekyasembayo kyali, ''Don't Label Me'' (2019), ekirimu engeli y'okujjanjabamu abakosebwa olw'enjawukana Olw'ebyobufuzi, ekikula ky'abantu n'ennono. Ebirowoozo ebiri ku katabo ke yabijja mu pulojekiti ye eya Moral Courage Project, nga kino Manji ye yakitandikawo mu [[:en:New_York_University|Yunivasite ya New York]] mu 2008 nakibunya okutuuka mu [[:en:University_of_Southern_California|University of Southern California]] (USC) mu 2016, bweyali akyali kitundu ku [[:en:Annenberg_Center_on_Communication_Leadership_&_Policy|Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy]].<ref name="USC Annenberg">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/fellows/senior/irshad-manji/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222222806/https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/fellows/senior/irshad-manji/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oluvanyuma lw'okuva mu USC, yatandikawo wssomero lya Moral Courage College n'ekigendererwa eky'okusomesa "abavubuka okwekwasaganyiza ensonga ez'enjawulo okusinga okweswaza n'okwebuulirira".<ref>https://www.persuasion.community/p/hating-the-hateful</ref> Manji asomesa ku milamwa egy'enjawulo ng'omunoonyereza mu kakiiko akakwasaganya eddembe ly'obuntu aka Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights.<ref>https://www.oxfordglobalethics.org/fellows</ref> == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gyen == Manji yazaalibwa mu 1968 kumpi nekibuga [[:en:Kampala|Kampala]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]].<ref>https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/canada-150-irshad-manji-challenging-muslim-doctrine</ref> Maama we ava mu [[:en:Egyptian_people|Egypt]] ate Taata we asibuka mu [[:en:India|Buyindi]].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/03/opinion/brave-young-and-muslim.html</ref> [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]] bweyalagira [[:en:Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda|Okugobebwa kw'abayindi]] n'abalala abataali Bafirika okuva mu Uganda mu myaka gya 1970,<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=4tY_Rk0BTGMC&pg=PA93</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/04/international/americas/04FPRO.html</ref> Manji ne Famire ye bagenda mu [[:en:Canada|Canada]] ng'abanoonyi b'obubudamu nga wa myaka ena.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303918204577446170153730122</ref> Basalawo okubeera mu [[:en:Richmond,_British_Columbia|Richmond, British Columbia]], okuliraana ekibuga [[:en:Vancouver|Vancouver]].<ref name="Todd">https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/weekinreview/27gewen.html</ref> Manji yasomera ku masomero ag'enjawulo nga buli lwamukaaga yasomeranga ku ssomero lya ([[:en:Madrasa|madrasa]]). Manji agamba ku myaka 14 yanyonyola nti yagobebwa okuva mu somero olw'okubuuza ebibuuzo ebingi.<ref name="Popescu">https://literaryreview.co.uk/irshad-manji</ref><ref>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-muslim-refusenik/article772583/</ref><ref>https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/canada-150-irshad-manji-challenging-muslim-doctrine</ref> Mu 1990, Manji yafuna Diguli ey'okusukkuluma ku balala eya [[:en:Honours_degree#Canada|bachelor's degree with honours]] mu [[:en:History_of_ideas|history of ideas]] okuva mu Yunivasite ya [[:en:University_of_British_Columbia|University of British Columbia]], era yawangula omudaali oguweebwa asinze okusoma mu ssomo eryo ogwa [[:en:Governor_General's_Academic_Medal|Governor General's Academic Medal]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171104065136/http://www.fondationtrudeau.ca/en/community/irshad-manji</ref> Mu 2002, Manji yatandika okusomesa mu [[:en:University_of_Toronto|University of Toronto]]'s [[:en:Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)|Hart House]], ng'eno gyeyatandikira okuwandiika akatabo ka ''[[:en:The_Trouble_with_Islam_Today|The Trouble with Islam Today]]''.<ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/irshad-manji-challenges-islam</ref> Yalina enkolagana ne [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]] mu Pulogulaamu z'emisomo ku by'okwelinda mu nsi yonna mu 2006<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/18/freespeech/main2017202.shtml</ref> era yali munwanyi nnyo oowa Brussels-based [[:en:European_Foundation_for_Democracy|European Foundation for Democracy]] okuva mu 2006 okutuusa 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20191212223356/http://www.gmfus.org/events/reconciling-islam-freedom</ref><ref>https://newrepublic.com/article/103301/islam-censorship-efd-manji-suppression</ref> == Emirimu gye == Manji yatandiika emirimu gye mu Byobufuzi mu 1990. Yali om[[:en:Legislative_aide|kubabaga amateeka]] mu [[:en:Canadian_parliament|Paalamenti ya Canada]] ku lw'omubaka omugya ow'ekibiina kya [[:en:New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada|New Democratic Party]] [[:en:Dawn_Black|Dawn Black]], n'oluvanyuma [[:en:Press_secretary|omuwandiisi w'abannamawulire]]<nowiki/>mu [[:en:Ontario_government|Gavumenti ya Ontario]] ku lwa Kabinenti Minisita wa [[:en:Ontario_New_Democratic_Party|Ontario New Democratic Party]] [[:en:Marion_Boyd|Marion Boyd]],<ref>https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji</ref> n'oluvanyuma omuwandiisi w'ebinayogerwa okulembera ekibiina kya NDP [[:en:Audrey_McLaughlin|Audrey McLaughlin]]. Ku myaka 24, yafuuka omusunsuzi w'ensonga z'Eggwanga ku lw'''[[:en:Ottawa_Citizen|Abatuuze ba Ottawa]]''<ref name="Popescu"/> era nga memba omuto ku [[:en:Editorial_board|kakiiko akasunsuzi]] akakwasaganya amawulire ga Canada. Yaliko omuwandiisi w'omuko mu lupapula lwa Ottawa olupya olwa [[:en:Gay_media|LGBT newspaper]] ''[[:en:Capital_Xtra!|Capital Xtra!]]''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090303223005/http://www.xtra.ca/public/Ottawa/Looking_back_on_issue_1_of_Capital_Xtra-6265.aspx</ref> Yaweerezako mu kanyomero ka "Friendly Fire" akaali kawerezebwa ku [[:en:TVOntario|TVOntario]] mu ''[[:en:Studio_2|Situdiyo 2]]'' okuva mu 1992 okutuusa 1994, nga yali aweereza ne [[:en:Michael_Coren|Michael Coren]].<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=tMvzNiHF-XIC&pg=PA70</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://rrj.ca/a-talking-contradiction/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227134320/https://rrj.ca/a-talking-contradiction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manji yaweereza ku pulogulaamu ez'enjawulo ku TV ezikwata ku [[:en:Public_affairs_(broadcasting)|nsonga za Gavumenti]] omuli, ''Q-Files'' for [[:en:CP24#CHUM_era|Pulse24]] saako n'eyagiddira mu bigere eya ''[[:en:QT:_QueerTelevision|QT: QueerTelevision]]'' ku TV esangibwamu kibuga kya TorontoCitytv mu myaka gya 1990.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=nwFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65</ref><ref>https://www.vancouverobserver.com/5-minutes-with/irshad-manji%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s-moral-courage</ref> Bweyalekulira pulogulaamu, Manji yatona ebintu by'eyali akozesa ku TV "big Q" eri aba [[:en:Pride_Library|Pride Library]] ku [[:en:University_of_Western_Ontario|Yunivasite ya Western Ontario]].<ref>https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/30559/1/Cooper_Danielle_201111_MI_thesis.pdf#page=41</ref> Alabikiddeko ku mikutu gya TV egy'enjawulo okwetoloola ensi nga [[:en:Al_Jazeera_English|Al Jazeera]], aba [[:en:Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation|CBC]], [[:en:BBC|BBC]], [[:en:MSNBC|MSNBC]], [[:en:C-SPAN|C-SPAN]], [[:en:CNN|CNN]], [[:en:Public_Broadcasting_Service|PBS]], aba [[:en:Fox_News_Channel|Fox News Channel]], [[:en:CBS|CBS]], ne [[:en:HBO|HBO]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/user/IrshadManjiTV</ref> Yali musomesa ku [[:en:New_York_University|New York University]] (NYU) okuva mu 2008 okutuusa 2015.<ref>https://wagner.nyu.edu/community/faculty/irshad-manji</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kwese.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/story/_/id/8157338/ioc-bar-saudi-arabia-olympics-women-added-team |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2018-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002250/http://kwese.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/story/_/id/8157338/ioc-bar-saudi-arabia-olympics-women-added-team |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manji yegatta ku NYU [[:en:Robert_F._Wagner_Graduate_School_of_Public_Service|Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service]] okutandiikawo pulojekii eey'okutumbule ebyempisa mu bavubuka saako n'okwogera amazima okuwangula emitima gy'abantu b'omu bitudu by'abwe.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120901122500/https://www.irshadmanji.com/Moral-Courage-Project</ref> Essomo lye ly'ali ligenderera "okuyigiriza abavubuka okukola okusalawo okwobwannakyewa ku lw'obulungi bw'endowooza zaabwe, n'obukugu".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wagner.nyu.edu/leadership/affiliates |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2013-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123092304/http://wagner.nyu.edu/leadership/affiliates |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Gwokuna 2013, TV ya Moral Courage (ku mukutu gwa [[:en:YouTube|YouTube]]), gwatongozebwa Manji ne [[:en:Cornel_West|Cornel West]], ng'ono mukenkufu era mulwanirizi w'eddembe ly'abantu.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7GguSvt-Ow</ref> West yayogera ku mirimu gya Manji nga "amaanyi agatereddwawo ku lw'obulungi."<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7GguSvt-Ow</ref> Mu 2015, Manji yatandikawo "the West Coast presence of Moral Courage" ku [[:en:Annenberg_Center_on_Communication_Leadership_&_Policy|Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy]] mu [[:en:University_of_Southern_California|Yunivasite ya Southern California]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annenberg_Center_on_Communication_Leadership_&_Policy</ref> == Ebitabo bye y'awandiika == === ''The Trouble with Islam Today'' ===   Akatabo ka Manji aka ''The Trouble with Islam Today'' (nga muntandikwa yali akatuumye ''The Trouble with Islam'') kaali kafulumizibwa aba [[:en:St._Martin's_Press|St. Martin's Press]] mu 2004. Akatabo kano kasooka kufulumizibwa mu Canada wansi w'omutwe ogwasooka mu Gwomwenda 2003.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IWUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27</ref> Okuva kw'olwo kabadde nga kavvunulwa mu nnimi ezisoba mo 30. Manji yawaayo obutabo obwali buvvunuddwa mu nnimi nga [[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]], [[:en:Persian_language|Persian]], ne [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]] ookubuwanulira ku bwerere okuva ku Webusayiti ye.<ref name="Jerusalem Post">https://www.jpost.com/Features/Manji-Young-Muslims-want-change</ref> Mu katabo ka ''The Trouble with Islam Today'', Manji yanoonyereza ku ntaputa empya ey'ekitabo ekitukuvu Qur'an ky'akkiriza nti kituukira ddala n'omulembe gw'Ekyaasa kya 21.<ref>https://www.irishexaminer.com/analysis/role-of-women-central-to-necessary-reforms-within-islam-441608.html</ref> Ekitabo kino kisomeddwa abantu omuli abakikungiriza saako n'abakivumirira omuli Abasiraamu n'abatali basiraamu. Abantu ab'enjawulo ababadde be kkanya ekitabo kino bakiyise "ekitabo ekizaamu amaanyi"<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Calling-all-believers-to-a-conversation-on-Islam/articleshow/1326998.cms</ref> oba "ekyali kyalindilirwa okuva edda"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan</ref> songa abalala bagamba kyawandiikibwa okuvoola abasiraamu.<ref>http://www.democracynow.org/2006/2/7/freedom_of_speech_or_incitement_to</ref> [[:en:Tarek_Fatah|Tarek Fatah]], omusiraamu okuva mu Canada okuva mu ntandikwa y'avumirira ekitabo kya ''The Trouble With Islam'',<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20050207112221/http://canpalnet-ottawa.org/fatah.html</ref> yazza enjogera egamba nti Manji ali "yali mutuufu olw'enkola ey'obusosoze mu nsi y'abasiraamu" era nti "mwalimu ensonga nyingi ezaali zisinzira ku kumanya kwe".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090107225747/http://www.thespec.com/Opinions/article/392889</ref> ''Akatabo ka The Trouble with Islam Today'' kaawerebwa mu mawanga awerako. Okuva mu Gwomusanvu 2009, ekitabo kino era kyawerebwa ne mu Malaysia.<ref name=":3">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/05/24/home-ministry-bans-irshad-manjis-book</ref> === ''Faith without Fear'' === Mu 2007 Manji yafulumya olutambi lwa [[:en:Public_Broadcasting_Service|PBS]], ''Faith without Fear''. kigoberera olugendo lwe okuzza okukkiriza n'emirembe. ng'otadde ku bbali ebyo ebyamusoomuza ng'akyali musiraamu. yavumbula bingi ku [[:en:Islamism|Busiraamu]] mu Yemen, Europe n'Obukiikakkono bwa America, wamu n'ebyafaayo ku [[:en:Critical_thinking|ndowooza y'ekika ekyawagguli]] ey'obusiraamu mu Spain n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209190230/https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Faith Without Fear'' kyalondebwa mu mpaka za [[:en:Emmy|Emmy]] era yeyawangula Awaadi y'empaka za [[:en:National_Film_Board|National Film Board]] of Canada [[:en:Gemini_Award|Gemini Award]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada</ref> K'ekatongoza ebikujjuko bya 2008 [[:en:Muslim_Film_Festival|Muslim Film Festival]], ebyategekebwa aba [[:en:American_Islamic_Congress|American Islamic Congress]]<ref>https://archive.today/20080416235659/http://www.muslimfilm.org/schedule.html</ref> era ne kawangula zaabu mu bikujjuko bya [[:en:New_York_Television_Festival|New York Television Festival]]. === ''Allah, Liberty and Love'' ===   Mu 2011, Manji yafulumya akatabo ka ''Allah, Liberty and Love''. Mu katabo ke, anyonyola butya Aabasiraamu bweyayinza okuvvunula ekitabo ekitukuvu ekya Qur'an, okwogera n'eddembe n'okwelowooleza. Mu ngeri y'okuwagira ebiwandiiko bye, Manji ajuliza ''[[:en:Ijtihad|ijtihad]]'', ennono y'obusiraamu ey'okulowooza okwokwefumitiriza naddala mu kuvvunula [[:en:List_of_Islamic_texts|ebiwandiiko by'obusiraamu]] n'ebisomesebwa.<ref name="Doughty">https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121430/http://www.innovation.cc/book-reviews/rev_doughty_assay_manji18vi1a13.pdf</ref><ref name="Kaylan">https://www.newsweek.com/irshad-manji-challenges-muslims-follow-their-conscience-67465</ref> Manji akikkatiriza nti enkyukakyuka yonna mu ekuuma omutindo gw'obusiraamu essobola kuva mu bbo b'ennyini era tebisobola kuggibwa walala.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India</ref> Manji akkiriziganya n'enkola ey'okufumbiriganwa wakati w'[[:en:Interfaith_marriage|abagalana ab'enzikiriza ez'enjawulo]] naddala okufumbiriganwa wakati w'Abasiraamu n'aatali basiraamu, abakyala Abasiraamu okufumbirwa abasajja abatali Basiraamu nga basinzira ku birowoozo bya Khaleel Mohammed owa [[:en:San_Diego_State_University|San Diego State University (SDSU)]], mu San Diego, California.<ref>https://freethinkingstokie.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eng_bothpages.pdf</ref> Nga bwekiri mu biwandiiko bya Manji ebirala, ''Allah, Liberty and Love'' byafuna ebirowoozo ebirungi n'ebibi. Rayyan Al Shawaf, aomuwandiisi asangibwa mu Beirut, anyonyola ekigendererwa kya Manji ku butya Qur'an bweyinza okuvvunulwa mu kitiibwa ky'obusiraamu so ssi ku butya bwekiyinza okukugirwa eri ekitabo kya Qur'an. Era awakanya ekya Manji okutumbula ijtihad ng'abuusa amaaso ku "''ijtihad'' kitala ekitula okuva ku njuyi zombi."<ref name="Al-Shawaf">https://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/06/25/manjis_allah_implores_muslims_to_think_freely/</ref> Al-Shawaf naye agamba nti Manji essira aliteeka ku "butya Quran bweyinza okuvunulwa mu kitiibwa okwawukana ku kyokuteekawo amateeka agakugira."<ref name="Al-Shawaf" /> Mu kwogera kwa Melik Kaylan mu ''[[:en:Newsweek|Newsweek]]'' anyonyola akatabo nga "kakuyege y'okukaaba kwa abasiraamu" era nga kujjudde "okusikiriza abalala okubawulira era bitambulira mu njogera ezitalina makulu nga bino biwaawaza amatu g'abawagizi be." Omar Sultan Haque, omusomesa era omunonyereza ku mu ssomero ly'abasawo mu Yunivasite ya Harvard University Medical School, agamba nti newankubadde ekitabo kya Manji ky'amakulu mu kumanyisa abantu, "tekikwatagana n'abibuuza ebimu ebiyinza okufuula ebiseera by'eddini y'obusiraamu ey'amazima."<ref name="Haque">http://www.tnr.com/book/review/allah-liberty-love-irshad-manji</ref> Haque anyonyola ekirowooza kya Manji nga "enneyisa eraga okusiima naye mu busukkulumu". Howard A. Doughty, Pulofeesa w'emisomo gy'ensimbi n'ebyobufuzi ku ssomero lya [[:en:Seneca_College|Seneca College]], kino akinyonyola n'ekyawandiikibwa kya Haque: "Katonda wa Manji afaananira ddala omuwabuzi ow'amaanyi okuva mu ttendekero erya waggulu."<ref name="Haque" /> Doughty, mu afunza okulaba kwe ku biwandiiko bya Manji agamba nti abayizi abamu (nga yegyemu) abuusabusa oba "Manji anaasobola okuggusa ensonga ze era n'assa ebiwandiiko bye mu nkola." Wabula yewaayo okukuuma ebigambo bye nayongerezaako nti "abamuwakanya kyebatamanyi nti enjogera ye, enkolagana ye n'abantu, okumaanya kwe ku by'ensimbi n'ebyobufuzi bye bimusobozesa okukyusa endowooza ye okugizza ku bikolwa bya bantu."<ref name="Doughty" /> Okutongozebwa kwa kitabo kya ''Allah, Liberty and Love'' okw'ensi yonna kwalimu ebitakwatagana. Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2011, Abasiraamu abakuukutivu balumbagana ekitabo kya Manji nga kitongozebwa mu [[:en:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]];<ref name=":2">https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/irshad-manji-book-tour-in-indonesia-runs-into-trouble-with-islamic-thugs</ref> Abasajja abasiraamu abiri mu babiri balumbagana Manji nebagezaako okutyoboola.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://israelbehindthenews.com/we-made-the-jerusalem-post-with-this-irshad-manji-speaking-the-truth/8343/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2016-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808224230/http://israelbehindthenews.com/we-made-the-jerusalem-post-with-this-irshad-manji-speaking-the-truth/8343/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu kaseera w'eyali abunya akatabo ke, Poliisi yamusazaamu okwogera kwe mu Jakarta olw'ekibiina ky'abagagga ekya [[:en:Islamic_Defenders_Front|Islamic Defenders Front]] okuva mu Indonesia.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160308024014/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/indonesian-hardline-group-urges-govt-to-deport-liberal-canadian-muslim-activist/</ref> Oluvanyuma lw'ennaku, abasajja nkumi na nkumi okuva mu kakiiko ka [[:en:Indonesian_Mujahedeen_Council|Indonesian Mujahedeen Council]] bavvoola tiimu ya Manji n'abawagizi be mu [[:en:Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]. Abantu ab'ejawulo bakosebwa era tewali n'omu yaweebwa bujjanjabi mu ddwaliro.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130310112512/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/10/irshad-manji-injured-mob-attack-yogya.html</ref><ref name=":2" /> Oluvanyuma lw'ebyo, Gavumienti ya Malaysia yawera ekitabo kya ''Allah, Liberty and Love''. Naye mu Gwomwenda 2013, Kkooti ya wagguli mu [[:en:Kuala_Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] yakisazaamu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213928/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ban-on-irshad-manjis-book-lifted</ref> Omwaka ogwali guwedde, Nik Raina Nik Abdul Aziz, omukyala okuva mu Malaysia era nga yali omu kuba Maneja ba [[:en:Borders_Group|Borders Bookstore]], yakwatibwa olwokutunda akitabo kya Manji ekyali kyavvunulwa ng'eggwanga telinnaba kulangirira nvumbo.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/2012867105109271.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171029023305/http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WkcZFjZQ</ref> Oluvanyuma lw'emyaka esatu ng'atoa n'ebannamteeka, Kkooti ya Malaysia yagoba okuwaaba kwa Gavumenti.<ref>http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/nik-rainas-nightmare-finally-over-as-federal-court-dismisses-jawis-prosecut</ref><ref>http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/judges-slam-islamic-authority-for-premature-raid-on-borders</ref> === ''Don't Label Me'' === Mu nteekateeka z'okufulumya ekitabo ekikyasembyeyo, ''Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times'', Manji yeyali omwogezi ku lunaku lwa Discovery, Dialogue & Action event ekya [[:en:Washington_University_in_St._Louis|Washington University in St. Louis]] nga 19 Ogwokubiri 2019.<ref>https://source.wustl.edu/2019/02/honest-diversity-moral-courage-and-shedding-labels-a-qa-with-irshad-manji/</ref> ''Don't Label Me'' kyafulumizibwa aba [[:en:St._Martin's_Press|St. Martin's Press]] nga 26 Ogwokubiri.<ref name=":0">https://www.newsweek.com/2019/03/08/irshad-manji-interview-dont-label-me-diversity-black-lives-matters-1335894.html</ref> Ekitabo kyawandiikibwa ng'emboozi ey'okutebereza ne Lily, embwa ya Manji eyasooka, nga yaffa era nga yalabikirako mu [[:en:Devil's_advocate|Devil's advocate]].<ref name=":1">https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/books/listening-is-the-best-way-to-get-your-point-across-says-irshad-manji</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://areomagazine.com/2019/05/01/irshad-manjis-dont-label-me-book-review/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111031748/https://areomagazine.com/2019/05/01/irshad-manjis-dont-label-me-book-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Okusinziira ku Dana Gee owa ''[[:en:Vancouver_Sun|Vancouver Sun]]'', "kirabika nga ekitalina mulamwa naye nga kikola". Manji akozesa emboozi eno okumanyisa abantu [[:en:Tribalism|busosoze mu mawanga]] saako n'enkolagana wakati w'abo abawakanya by'eyawandiika.<ref name=":1" /> Mu katambi akafulumizibwa aba ''[[:en:Time_(magazine)|Time]]'' magazine mu Gwokusatu 2019, Manji agamba nti "Ndiwano okuleeta ekiteeso, mu kaseera nga amasomero gasomesa abaana okwenyiiza, balina okubasomesa engeri y'okunyiza abalala".<ref>https://people.com/human-interest/schools-kids-how-not-to-be-offended-irshad-manji/</ref> Munnakatemba [[:en:Chris_Rock|Chris Rock]], nga muwagizi wa Manji,<ref name=":0" /> naye yatumbula ekitabo ng'ayita ku kibanja kye ekya Twitter ng'ekitabo yakiyita "genius".<ref>https://hiddenforces.io/podcasts/irshad-manji-diversity-culture-wars/</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/chrisrock/status/1100499552933724165</ref> Mu kwekennenya ekitabo kya ''Don't Label Me'' ekyakolebwa aba ''Areo Magazine'', Samuel Kronen yawandiika nti "Manji eleeta enkolagana enungi, okwekilirizamu, obwesimbu era ateddewo okumanya ku bizibu abantu by'ebasanga."<ref name=":4" /> == Ebyamutuukako == Manji afunye okutiisibwatiisibwa okuwerako olw'endowooza ye.<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/irshad-manji-islams-marked-woman-58908.html</ref> Nga akyabeera mu Toronto, amadirisa ge yagakola nga tegayitamu masasi olw'ebyokwerinda.<ref name="Todd" /> Manji anyonyolwa nga [[:en:Quranist|Quranist]].<ref>Kaminski, Joseph J. (2017). "Introduction: Determining the Basis for Political Discourse for the Next Generation". ''The Contemporary Islamic Governed State''. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;1–28.</ref> Mu mboozi ey'akafubo n'aba ''[[:en:The_Jerusalem_Post|The Jerusalem Post]]'', ng'anyonyola eby'obufuzi, Manji yagamba, "siri wa ku luuyi lwa kkono, siri wa ku luuyi lwa Ddyo, ndi mutume". Awakanyiza ebigambibwa mbu Entalo za Amerika zileetawo enkola ya [[:en:Islamic_extremism|Islamic extremism]].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/opinion/16manji.html</ref> Manji butereevu yetaba mu ntalo ezaali wakati wa Amerika mu [[:en:Iraq_War|Iraq]] ne [[:en:War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–present)|Afghanistan]], era n'olutalo lw'obukulembeze olwa [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] [[:en:War_on_Terror|War on Terror]].<ref name="Aroon">https://foreignpolicy.com/2007/04/19/on-tv-tonight-osama-bin-ladens-worst-nightmare/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/missionary-position/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2018-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910181407/https://www.thenation.com/article/missionary-position/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Cole">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://nowtoronto.com/art-and-books/q-and-a-irshad-manji/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002456/https://nowtoronto.com/art-and-books/q-and-a-irshad-manji/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Duff-Brown">https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Rebellious-writer-s-criticism-of-Islam-stirring-1628637.php</ref> Mu 2006, obuweereza bwe mu lutalo lwa Iraq lwafuuka lw'amaanyi eri Gavumenti ya Bush.<ref name="Jerusalem Post" /> Ku Iraq, yagamba nti "yalowooza offiisi onkulu yalina okumanyisibwa okumala oksobola okukola okusalawo."<ref name="Cole" /> Era yagamba nti, "mbadde nebuuza mu lujjudde ku mirimu egy'omu Afghanistan n'abiki ebinakivaamu."<ref name="Cole" /> Akikkatiriza nti aba [[:en:Palestinians|Palestine]] basanga emirimu ebiri: ekisooka ebikolebwa aba [[:en:Hamas|Hamas]] eri abakyala n[[:en:LGBT|'abalya ebisiyaga]] n'endala ey'[[:en:Israel_Defense_Forces|amaggye ga Israeli]] mu ba Palestine bonna.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/04/18/DI2007041801507.html</ref> == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Mu 2016, Manji n'omwagalwa we, Laura Albano, mafumbiriganwa mu Hawaii.<ref>http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/05/10/irshad-manji-marries-partner-laura-albano/</ref> Bawangalira eyo n'embwa zaabwe. Abagalana bano bayawukana.<ref>https://irshadmanji.com/divorcing-courageously/</ref> == Awaadi n'ebitiibwa by'eyafuna == * 1997 – omulwanirizi w'omwenkano mu bakyala mu kyaasa ekya 21 nga yatuumibwa aba ''[[:en:Ms._Magazine|Ms. Magazine]]''<ref>September/October 1997 issue of ''Ms.'', p. 104</ref> * Awaadi za 2004 – [[:en:Oprah_Winfrey|Oprah Winfrey]] eri asinze obuvumu, amaanyi n'okwewayo"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear_film.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234805/https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear_film.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2005 – Named by ''The Jakarta Post'' as one of three women making a positive change in Islam today.<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/irshad-manji</ref> * 2006 – Young Global Leader selected by the [[:en:World_Economic_Forum|World Economic Forum]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140813024501/http://www.weforum.org/content/pages/ygl-alumni-community</ref> * 2007 – Global Vision Prize, [[:en:Immigration_Equality|Immigration Equality]]'s highest honour<ref>2007 Annual Benefit, New York City.</ref> * 2008 – Honorary Doctorate [[:en:University_of_Puget_Sound|University of Puget Sound]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080609034250/http://www.ups.edu/x27840.xml</ref> * 2009 – Muslim Leader of Tomorrow from the [[:en:American_Society_for_Muslim_Advancement|American Society for Muslim Advancement]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asmasociety.typepad.com/mlt/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2008-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604012926/http://asmasociety.typepad.com/mlt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2012 – The [[:en:Ethical_Humanist_Award|Ethical Humanist Award]] from New York [[:en:Society_for_Ethical_Culture|Society for Ethical Culture]]'s highest honour * 2014 – [[:en:Honorary_Doctorate|Honorary Doctorate]] [[:en:Bishop's_University|Bishop's University]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140701055759/http://www.ubishops.ca/about-bu/bu-news/details.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=457&cHash=425754d146460b625ca0d0491daf1ae7</ref> * 2015 – [[:en:Lantos_Human_Rights_Prize|Lantos Human Rights Prize]]<ref>https://www.voanews.com/a/three-women-muslim-countries-us-human-right-award/3098387.html</ref> == Ebimukwatako == * 1997 – ''Risking Utopia: On the Edge of a New Democracy'', (Douglas and McIntyre  ) * 2003 – ''[[:en:The_Trouble_with_Islam_Today|The Trouble with Islam Today]]'' (St. Martin's Press,  ) * 2011 – ''Allah, Liberty and Love: The Courage to Reconcile Faith and Freedom''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4520-0</ref> (Atria Books,  ,  ) * 2019 – ''Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times'' (St. Martin's Press,  ) == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwamu eby'ebweru wa Wikipediya ==   * Omukutu gwa webusayiti omutongole * Irshad Manji ku IMDb * Okulabika kwe ku C-SPAN {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Manji, Irshad}} rn4pcokczd8ac2yb3ki32ao2poodke6 0 10652 59014 57316 2026-07-05T09:07:23Z Ssebuufu 9882 59014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'') '''.''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=10051:cbs-staff-down-but-not-out |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114006/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=10051:cbs-staff-down-but-not-out |url-status=dead }}</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1115996/happened-house</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1253169/readers-vision-chosen</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[:en:Straight_Talk|Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0"/> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://radio.co.ug/cbs-buganda-fm/ Website ya laadiyo ya CBS] * [http://www.dembefm.ug/ Website ya Dembe FM] [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] jw0adn7o3bbonjvcr6amv9xv2w79s6l 59016 59014 2026-07-05T09:32:46Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia */ 59016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'') '''.''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=10051:cbs-staff-down-but-not-out |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114006/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=10051:cbs-staff-down-but-not-out |url-status=dead }}</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1115996/happened-house</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1253169/readers-vision-chosen</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[:en:Straight_Talk|Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0"/> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 6cn1fibyujud1krd55cjraubpy4wck0 59017 59016 2026-07-05T09:36:19Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia */ 59017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'') '''.''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=10051:cbs-staff-down-but-not-out |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114006/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=10051:cbs-staff-down-but-not-out |url-status=dead }}</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1115996/happened-house</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1253169/readers-vision-chosen</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[:en:Straight_Talk|Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0"/> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 7oyywlqwnlzfws5qmjtcbvxkumytkfb 59018 59017 2026-07-05T09:47:59Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 59018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1115996/happened-house</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1253169/readers-vision-chosen</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[:en:Straight_Talk|Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0"/> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 97r1rey4o1onilaafiglrqla75szzrh 59019 59018 2026-07-05T09:55:42Z Ssebuufu 9882 59019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>"What happened at State House". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1253169/readers-vision-chosen</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[:en:Straight_Talk|Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 38lupr3r5tjo3d2hjct3gij2tuu4bw1 59020 59019 2026-07-05T09:57:06Z Ssebuufu 9882 59020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>"What happened at State House". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>"The readers with a vision have chosen". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[:en:Straight_Talk|Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] o3v0sgga71qvgstih01zrndlvy829n9 59021 59020 2026-07-05T10:04:20Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 59021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>"What happened at State House". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>"The readers with a vision have chosen". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 2quz5pg9nbfpykvn7ausk3by5n02pkp 59022 59021 2026-07-05T10:09:35Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 59022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>"What happened at State House". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>"The readers with a vision have chosen". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref>"Hajati Aisha Sematiko". ''Daily Monitor''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] prvcpbksg56hcp6smyln0oo61agdqeh 59023 59022 2026-07-05T10:11:51Z Ssebuufu 9882 Ntaddemu Databox 59023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>"What happened at State House". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>"The readers with a vision have chosen". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref>"Hajati Aisha Sematiko". ''Daily Monitor''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 0pe8ejz78f3algs1b74utx405hklyxx 59024 59023 2026-07-05T10:13:35Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia */ 59024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aisha Sematiko''' ng'amanyiddwa nnyo nga '''''Hajati Aisha Sematiko''''' (yafa nga 19 Ogwomukaaga 2010'')'''.'''''<ref>Mwesigye, Shifa. "CBS staff down but not out". ''The Observer - Uganda''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> yali musomi w'amawulire omugundiivu ku [[Laadiyo CBS]]. Era ye mukyala munnayuganda eyasooka okusoma amawulire mu [[Luganda]] ku Laadiyo ekyamuyamba okusikiriza abakyala abalala okwegatta ku kisaawe. Buli kiseera yalangirirwanga ng'omusomi w'amawulire asinze mu mwaka. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152958/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/FashionBeauty/691228-736060-nyrj3tz/index.html</ref> Mu Maka g'obwapulezidenti, [[Amelia Kyambadde]] yasiima Hajati Aisha Sematiko ng'omu ku bantu abamanyifu beyali asiimye okubeeramu.<ref>"What happened at State House". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> Mu 2003, yalondebwa ku kifo eky'okubiri ng'omusomi w'amawulire owa Dembe FM n'obululu 385 ng'addirira Kaddu Mukasa owa CBS eyawangula n'obululu 460.<ref>"The readers with a vision have chosen". ''www.newvision.co.ug''. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yeegombanga Bbale Francis ku Ttivi era ku Laadiyo yeegombanga Eva Kabali Kaggwa eyali ku Radio Uganda. Batabani be ababiri abaasoma eby'amawulire; Nasser yakola ne Radio Simba ng'omusasi w'amawulire ate Hassan ne [[Straight Talk]] mu kitongole kya laadiyo.<ref>"Hajati Aisha Sematiko". ''Daily Monitor''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</ref> == Laba na bino == * Rachel Kabejja * Patricko Mujuuka * Sheila Nnvannungi * Alex Ndawula == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagan|Ekibanja kya laadiyo CBS eky'omutimbagano]] * Ekibaja kya Ddembe FM eky'omutibagano. [[Category:Bannamawulire ba laadiyo Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannamawure abakyala Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abaafa mu 2010]] 4n90oq4iq0fwwa753kmk6nn7lqs7lf7 0 10735 58892 32652 2026-07-04T18:13:32Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a Databox 58892 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, yaweerezaako mu Ofiisi nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere Yunivasite]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":0" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[:en:The_World_Academy_of_Sciences|The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[:en:African_Academy_of_Sciences|African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[:en:Fulbright_Program|Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[:en:University_of_New_Brunswick|University of New Brunswick]], [[:en:Canada|Canada]] gye yafunira PhD ye mu 1985. == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okugimusa ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2260305 </ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'aviirako abavuzi b'emmotoka ezitambuza obubi, okubukungaanya, n'awa gyatekeebwa n'engeli gy'ekwasaganyizibwa mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11195523</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.554318</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. This article defined ecological sustainability for WDS and developed a framework for its assessment.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obusibu obwo.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JAfES.18304310A</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123378</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.''<ref>https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998</ref> Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination''<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu == <references />   2mc2aiqgs6yfgq6mno3ecgah7qtogb8 58893 58892 2026-07-04T18:15:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 58893 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, eyaweerezaako nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,mu [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":0" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[:en:The_World_Academy_of_Sciences|The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[:en:African_Academy_of_Sciences|African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[:en:Fulbright_Program|Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[:en:University_of_New_Brunswick|University of New Brunswick]], [[:en:Canada|Canada]] gye yafunira PhD ye mu 1985. == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okugimusa ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2260305 </ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'aviirako abavuzi b'emmotoka ezitambuza obubi, okubukungaanya, n'awa gyatekeebwa n'engeli gy'ekwasaganyizibwa mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11195523</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.554318</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. This article defined ecological sustainability for WDS and developed a framework for its assessment.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obusibu obwo.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JAfES.18304310A</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123378</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.''<ref>https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998</ref> Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination''<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu == <references />   0sv9bg754bbr9fq5yf2uureihicdrl4 58894 58893 2026-07-04T18:17:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and de-wikilinked 58894 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, eyaweerezaako nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":0" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[University of New Brunswick]], [[Canada]] gye yafunira Diguli Eyookusatu oba PhD ye mu 1985. == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okugimusa ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2260305 </ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'aviirako abavuzi b'emmotoka ezitambuza obubi, okubukungaanya, n'awa gyatekeebwa n'engeli gy'ekwasaganyizibwa mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11195523</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.554318</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. This article defined ecological sustainability for WDS and developed a framework for its assessment.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obusibu obwo.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JAfES.18304310A</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123378</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.''<ref>https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998</ref> Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination''<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu == <references />   5ydifibpdeuqomhrzlks3mb8ohvz0z8 58895 58894 2026-07-04T18:30:20Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings 58895 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, eyaweerezaako nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":0" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[University of New Brunswick]], [[Canada]] gye yafunira Diguli Eyookusatu oba PhD ye mu 1985. == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa. == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okumeza ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2260305 </ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'ekenneenya ebiviirako obikyafu, enkungaanya yabyo, n'awa nengeri gyebiyinza okukosa obutonde mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11195523</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.554318</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyannyonnyola okukuuma obutonde eri WDS era naazimba enkola eyookuyamba okukyekenneenya.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obuzibu obwo.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JAfES.18304310A</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123378</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.''<ref>https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998</ref> Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination''<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu == <references />   1o4ejcxzamz651zg4gqeteq66rilfnx 58921 58895 2026-07-04T19:48:21Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added references 58921 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, eyaweerezaako nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Sabiiti Elly N. {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n|access-date=2022-06-27|website=www.aasciences.africa|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":02" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sabiiti, Elly Nyambobo|url=https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo|access-date=2022-06-27|website=TWAS|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Welcomes Fulbright Scholar from Uganda|url=https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda|access-date=2022-06-27|website=ipa.osu.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[University of New Brunswick]], [[Canada]] gye yafunira Diguli Eyookusatu oba PhD ye mu 1985.<ref name=":02" /> == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okumeza ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'ekenneenya ebiviirako obikyafu, enkungaanya yabyo, n'awa nengeri gyebiyinza okukosa obutonde mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Katongole |first1=Constantine Bakyusa |last2=Sabiiti |first2=Elly |last3=Bareeba |first3=Felix |last4=Ledin |first4=Inger |date=2011-03-21 |title=Utilization of Market Crop Wastes as Animal Feed in Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Production in Uganda |journal=Journal of Sustainable Agriculture |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=329–342 |bibcode=2011JSusA..35..329K |doi=10.1080/10440046.2011.554318 |issn=1044-0046 |s2cid=154333467}}</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyannyonnyola okukuuma obutonde eri WDS era naazimba enkola eyookuyamba okukyekenneenya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N |last4=Zamorano |first4=Montserrat |date=2021-05-01 |title=A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136 |journal=Waste Management |language=en |volume=126 |pages=11–20 |bibcode=2021WaMan.126...11A |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.044 |issn=0956-053X |pmid=33730655 |s2cid=232299084 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obuzibu obwo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Zamorano |first3=Montserrat |last4=Sabiiti |first4=Elly N. |last5=Olobo |first5=Christopher |last6=Bateganya |first6=Najib L. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda – A case study of Kiteezi landfill |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X21002119 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=183 |bibcode=2021JAfES.18304310A |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104310 |issn=1464-343X |url-access=subscription |article-number=104310}}</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N. |last4=Bateganya |first4=Najib L. |last5=Olobo |first5=Christopher |date=2022-03-01 |title=Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077 |journal=World Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=25 |doi=10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100391 |issn=2452-2929 |s2cid=245449565 |url-access=subscription |article-number=100391}}</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N |last4=Bukenya |first4=Brian |last5=Namuddu |first5=Sophia |date=2022-12-18 |title=The Impact of Waste Disposal Sites on the Local Water Resources: A Case Study of the Kiteezi landfill, Uganda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817 |journal=Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=280–289 |doi=10.1016/j.ecohyd.2022.12.002 |issn=1642-3593 |s2cid=254871412 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nambi-Kasozi |first1=Justine |last2=Sabiiti |first2=Elly Nyambobo |last3=Bareeba |first3=Felix Budara |last4=Sporndly |first4=Eva |last5=Kabi |first5=Fred |date=2016-04-01 |title=Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=693–698 |doi=10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4 |issn=1573-7438 |pmid=26898690 |s2cid=255111134}}</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabiiti |first1=Elly N. |last2=Wamara |first2=John B. |last3=Ogen-Odoi |first3=Asaph A. |last4=Wein |first4=Ross W. |date=1992 |title=The Role of Fire in Pasture and Rangeland Management |journal=Nomadic Peoples |issue=31 |pages=107–110 |issn=0822-7942 |jstor=43123378}}</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johansson |first1=Christina |last2=Wredle |first2=Ewa |last3=Mpairwe |first3=Denis |last4=Sabiiti |first4=Elly |last5=Spörndly |first5=Eva |date=2015-04-01 |title=Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7 |issn=1573-7438 |pmid=25724926 |s2cid=255102281}}</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mbuza |first1=F. M. B. |last2=Ngambeki |first2=D. |last3=Sabiiti |first3=E. N. |date=1998 |title=Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998 |journal=ILRI Socioeconomic and Policy Research Working Paper |language=English}}</ref>'' Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2014-09-19 |journal=Range Management in Arid Zones |isbn=978-1-315-82890-9 |pages=213–218 |language=en |chapter=Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa. E.N. Sabiiti |doi=10.4324/9781315828909-20 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti}}</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=SABIITI |first1=ELLY N. |last2=COBBINA |first2=JOSEPH |date=1992-01-01 |title=Parkia Biglobosa: A Potential Multipurpose Fodder Tree Legume in West Africa |journal=International Tree Crops Journal |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=113–139 |doi=10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911 |issn=0143-5698}}</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabiiti |first1=Elly N. |last2=Wein |first2=Ross W. |date=1988 |title=Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=301–313 |bibcode=1988AfJEc..26..301S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x |issn=0141-6707 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti |first=Elly N. |date=1983 |title=Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=285–289 |bibcode=1983AfJEc..21..285S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x |issn=0141-6707 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' == Ebijuliziddwa == <references />   nr1k2hg97lfgp17s1mw58fcqt7su5xd 58924 58921 2026-07-04T19:51:16Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58924 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, eyaweerezaako nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Sabiiti Elly N. {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n|access-date=2022-06-27|website=www.aasciences.africa|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":02" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sabiiti, Elly Nyambobo|url=https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo|access-date=2022-06-27|website=TWAS|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Welcomes Fulbright Scholar from Uganda|url=https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda|access-date=2022-06-27|website=ipa.osu.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[University of New Brunswick]], [[Canada]] gye yafunira Diguli Eyookusatu oba PhD ye mu 1985.<ref name=":02" /> == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okumeza ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'ekenneenya ebiviirako obikyafu, enkungaanya yabyo, n'awa nengeri gyebiyinza okukosa obutonde mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Katongole |first1=Constantine Bakyusa |last2=Sabiiti |first2=Elly |last3=Bareeba |first3=Felix |last4=Ledin |first4=Inger |date=2011-03-21 |title=Utilization of Market Crop Wastes as Animal Feed in Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Production in Uganda |journal=Journal of Sustainable Agriculture |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=329–342 |bibcode=2011JSusA..35..329K |doi=10.1080/10440046.2011.554318 |issn=1044-0046 |s2cid=154333467}}</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyannyonnyola okukuuma obutonde eri WDS era naazimba enkola eyookuyamba okukyekenneenya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N |last4=Zamorano |first4=Montserrat |date=2021-05-01 |title=A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136 |journal=Waste Management |language=en |volume=126 |pages=11–20 |bibcode=2021WaMan.126...11A |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.044 |issn=0956-053X |pmid=33730655 |s2cid=232299084 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obuzibu obwo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Zamorano |first3=Montserrat |last4=Sabiiti |first4=Elly N. |last5=Olobo |first5=Christopher |last6=Bateganya |first6=Najib L. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda – A case study of Kiteezi landfill |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X21002119 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=183 |bibcode=2021JAfES.18304310A |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104310 |issn=1464-343X |url-access=subscription |article-number=104310}}</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N. |last4=Bateganya |first4=Najib L. |last5=Olobo |first5=Christopher |date=2022-03-01 |title=Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077 |journal=World Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=25 |doi=10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100391 |issn=2452-2929 |s2cid=245449565 |url-access=subscription |article-number=100391}}</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N |last4=Bukenya |first4=Brian |last5=Namuddu |first5=Sophia |date=2022-12-18 |title=The Impact of Waste Disposal Sites on the Local Water Resources: A Case Study of the Kiteezi landfill, Uganda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817 |journal=Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=280–289 |doi=10.1016/j.ecohyd.2022.12.002 |issn=1642-3593 |s2cid=254871412 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nambi-Kasozi |first1=Justine |last2=Sabiiti |first2=Elly Nyambobo |last3=Bareeba |first3=Felix Budara |last4=Sporndly |first4=Eva |last5=Kabi |first5=Fred |date=2016-04-01 |title=Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=693–698 |doi=10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4 |issn=1573-7438 |pmid=26898690 |s2cid=255111134}}</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabiiti |first1=Elly N. |last2=Wamara |first2=John B. |last3=Ogen-Odoi |first3=Asaph A. |last4=Wein |first4=Ross W. |date=1992 |title=The Role of Fire in Pasture and Rangeland Management |journal=Nomadic Peoples |issue=31 |pages=107–110 |issn=0822-7942 |jstor=43123378}}</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johansson |first1=Christina |last2=Wredle |first2=Ewa |last3=Mpairwe |first3=Denis |last4=Sabiiti |first4=Elly |last5=Spörndly |first5=Eva |date=2015-04-01 |title=Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7 |issn=1573-7438 |pmid=25724926 |s2cid=255102281}}</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mbuza |first1=F. M. B. |last2=Ngambeki |first2=D. |last3=Sabiiti |first3=E. N. |date=1998 |title=Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998 |journal=ILRI Socioeconomic and Policy Research Working Paper |language=English}}</ref>'' Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2014-09-19 |journal=Range Management in Arid Zones |isbn=978-1-315-82890-9 |pages=213–218 |language=en |chapter=Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa. E.N. Sabiiti |doi=10.4324/9781315828909-20 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti}}</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=SABIITI |first1=ELLY N. |last2=COBBINA |first2=JOSEPH |date=1992-01-01 |title=Parkia Biglobosa: A Potential Multipurpose Fodder Tree Legume in West Africa |journal=International Tree Crops Journal |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=113–139 |doi=10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911 |issn=0143-5698}}</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabiiti |first1=Elly N. |last2=Wein |first2=Ross W. |date=1988 |title=Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=301–313 |bibcode=1988AfJEc..26..301S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x |issn=0141-6707 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti |first=Elly N. |date=1983 |title=Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=285–289 |bibcode=1983AfJEc..21..285S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x |issn=0141-6707 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' == Ebijuliziddwa == <references />   [[Category:Abakozi mu by'ensoma mu Makerere University]] n62s4cwiosoyncdv1vffu1s02t7el2e 58928 58924 2026-07-04T19:54:57Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58928 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elly Sabiiti''' Munnayuganda, eyaweerezaako nga Pulofeesa w'ebyobulimi mu Dipaatimenti ekwasaganya eby'obulimi bw'ebibala n'enva endiirwa eya Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS), ku ssomero ly'ebyobulimi n'obutonde bw'ensi erya College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Sabiiti Elly N. {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n|access-date=2022-06-27|website=www.aasciences.africa|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125132/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sabiiti-elly-n|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ye yali akulira Dipaatimenti eno era nga y'avunanyizibwa ku by'enjigiriza mu ssomero lino.<ref name=":02" /> Mmemba omulonde owa [[The World Academy of Sciences]], Amyuka Pulezidenti wa, East Africa of [[African Academy of Sciences]] era yafuna omukisa okuweereza mu Dipaatimenti ya U.S. State Department's distinguished [[Fulbright Fellowship]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sabiiti, Elly Nyambobo|url=https://twas.org/directory/sabiiti-elly-nyambobo|access-date=2022-06-27|website=TWAS|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Welcomes Fulbright Scholar from Uganda|url=https://ipa.osu.edu/news/department-horticulture-and-crop-science-welcomes-fulbright-scholar-uganda|access-date=2022-06-27|website=ipa.osu.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Emisomo gye == Elly Sabiiti yafuna Digui ye esooka n'ey'okubiri mu by'obulimi eza Bachelor of Science and Masters of science in Agricultural Science okuva ku Ssettendekero wa Makerere. Yegatta ku [[University of New Brunswick]], [[Canada]] gye yafunira Diguli Eyookusatu oba PhD ye mu 1985.<ref name=":02" /> == Ebibiina by'alimu nga Mmemba == Mu 2001, yalondebwa nga mmemba mu The World Academy of Sciences era mu 2006 yafuuka mmemba mu African Academy of Sciences. Mu kaseera kano, ye mumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa African Academy of Sciences East Africa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> == Emirimu gye egy'okunoonyereza == Aweereza mu by'obulimi ng'ayita mu kunoonyereza era nga ebisinga byafulumizibwa mu mikutu gy'ensi yonna egy'amaanyi. Mu mirimu gye mulimu gino wammanga; okweyambisa ebisigalira mu birime okusobola okulima emmere n'okukuuma obutonde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Fire and acacia seeds: A hypothesis of Colonization Success''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo enkola y'okulima n'okumeza ebimera eya germination success of A. sieberiana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability.'' Okunoonyereza kuno kw'ekenneenya ebiviirako obikyafu, enkungaanya yabyo, n'awa nengeri gyebiyinza okukosa obutonde mu Kampala okugerageranya ku East African Community (EAC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti|first=E. N.|date=2011|title=Utilising agricultural waste to enhance food security and conserve the environment|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/72668|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1–9|doi=10.18697/ajfand.47.SC007|issn=1684-5374|hdl=1807/55754|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Utilization of market crop wastes as animal feed in urban and peri-Urban livestock production in Uganda''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwazuula nti emiwendo gy'embyentambula, obujama n'obutamanya obutaba bya bwerere n'abyo bivaako okusomooza kw'amaanyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Katongole |first1=Constantine Bakyusa |last2=Sabiiti |first2=Elly |last3=Bareeba |first3=Felix |last4=Ledin |first4=Inger |date=2011-03-21 |title=Utilization of Market Crop Wastes as Animal Feed in Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Production in Uganda |journal=Journal of Sustainable Agriculture |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=329–342 |bibcode=2011JSusA..35..329K |doi=10.1080/10440046.2011.554318 |issn=1044-0046 |s2cid=154333467}}</ref> ''A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyannyonnyola okukuuma obutonde eri WDS era naazimba enkola eyookuyamba okukyekenneenya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N |last4=Zamorano |first4=Montserrat |date=2021-05-01 |title=A framework for assessing the Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X21001136 |journal=Waste Management |language=en |volume=126 |pages=11–20 |bibcode=2021WaMan.126...11A |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.044 |issn=0956-053X |pmid=33730655 |s2cid=232299084 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda :A case study of Kiteezi landfill.'' Okunonyereza kuno kwalaga obuzibu obuva ku kasasiro ateekebwa e Kiteezi eri amazzi agaliraanyewo, ettaka, obutonde, ebisolo n'empewo essibwa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa okusobola okumalawo obuzibu obwo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Zamorano |first3=Montserrat |last4=Sabiiti |first4=Elly N. |last5=Olobo |first5=Christopher |last6=Bateganya |first6=Najib L. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Adaptation of EVIAVE methodology to landfill environmental impact assessment in Uganda – A case study of Kiteezi landfill |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X21002119 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=183 |bibcode=2021JAfES.18304310A |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104310 |issn=1464-343X |url-access=subscription |article-number=104310}}</ref> ''Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda.'' Ekiwandiiko kino ky'alimu okunonyereza ku Kiteezi awateekebwa kasasiro n'omugaso gw'ekifo ekyo mu kukyusa obulamu obulamu bw'abantu n'ebyo ebinavaamu ssinga ekifo ekyo kibeera kigaddwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N. |last4=Bateganya |first4=Najib L. |last5=Olobo |first5=Christopher |date=2022-03-01 |title=Understanding the impacts of waste disposal site closure on the livelihood of local communities in africa: A case study of the kiteezi landfill in Kampala, Uganda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292921001077 |journal=World Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=25 |doi=10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100391 |issn=2452-2929 |s2cid=245449565 |url-access=subscription |article-number=100391}}</ref> ''The impact of waste disposal sites on the local water resources: okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku kifo awateekebwa kasasiro ekya Kiteezi landfill, Uganda''. Ekiwandiiko kino kyalaga bii ebiva mu kukenenula n'okusunsula kasassiro ono n'okukyafuwaza amazzi ebiva mu kukenenula kasassiro ono.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryampa |first1=Shamim |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Basant |last3=Sabiiti |first3=Elly N |last4=Bukenya |first4=Brian |last5=Namuddu |first5=Sophia |date=2022-12-18 |title=The Impact of Waste Disposal Sites on the Local Water Resources: A Case Study of the Kiteezi landfill, Uganda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359322000817 |journal=Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=280–289 |doi=10.1016/j.ecohyd.2022.12.002 |issn=1642-3593 |s2cid=254871412 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass''. Okunoonyereza kuno kwalaga nti ebikuta ebiwatibwa ku matooke kisingako okubisanyawo n'okusinga EG wabula BP bwasukka asobola okukosa ebisolo ebirya ebikuta ebyoa okugeza ente.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nambi-Kasozi |first1=Justine |last2=Sabiiti |first2=Elly Nyambobo |last3=Bareeba |first3=Felix Budara |last4=Sporndly |first4=Eva |last5=Kabi |first5=Fred |date=2016-04-01 |title=Effects of inclusion levels of banana (Musa spp.) peelings on feed degradability and rumen environment of cattle fed basal elephant grass |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=693–698 |doi=10.1007/s11250-016-0999-4 |issn=1573-7438 |pmid=26898690 |s2cid=255111134}}</ref> ''The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabiiti |first1=Elly N. |last2=Wamara |first2=John B. |last3=Ogen-Odoi |first3=Asaph A. |last4=Wein |first4=Ross W. |date=1992 |title=The Role of Fire in Pasture and Rangeland Management |journal=Nomadic Peoples |issue=31 |pages=107–110 |issn=0822-7942 |jstor=43123378}}</ref> ''Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland''. Okunonyereza kuno kwazuula nti okuyonsa kugasa nnyo ente ennyana mu bifo ebitalina muddo bulungi n'addala mu bifo omuddo mwegutatera kumera.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johansson |first1=Christina |last2=Wredle |first2=Ewa |last3=Mpairwe |first3=Denis |last4=Sabiiti |first4=Elly |last5=Spörndly |first5=Eva |date=2015-04-01 |title=Effects of calving month, pasture conditions and management on the growth of Holstein-Friesian × Ankole crossbred calves in a semi-arid rangeland |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1007/s11250-015-0786-7 |issn=1573-7438 |pmid=25724926 |s2cid=255102281}}</ref> ''Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mbuza |first1=F. M. B. |last2=Ngambeki |first2=D. |last3=Sabiiti |first3=E. N. |date=1998 |title=Role of credit in the uptake and productivity of improved dairy technologies in Uganda |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role+of+credit+in+the+uptake+and+productivity+of+improved+dairy+technologies+in+Uganda&author=Mbuza%2C+F.M.B.+%28Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Uganda%29&publication_year=1998 |journal=ILRI Socioeconomic and Policy Research Working Paper |language=English}}</ref>'' Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2014-09-19 |journal=Range Management in Arid Zones |isbn=978-1-315-82890-9 |pages=213–218 |language=en |chapter=Some important browse species as feed for livestock in East Africa. E.N. Sabiiti |doi=10.4324/9781315828909-20 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315828909-20/important-browse-species-feed-livestock-east-africa-sabiiti}}</ref> ''Parkia Biglobosa: A potential multipurpose fodder tree legume in West Africa.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=SABIITI |first1=ELLY N. |last2=COBBINA |first2=JOSEPH |date=1992-01-01 |title=Parkia Biglobosa: A Potential Multipurpose Fodder Tree Legume in West Africa |journal=International Tree Crops Journal |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=113–139 |doi=10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911 |issn=0143-5698}}</ref> ''Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings''. Okunonyereza kuno kwagezesebwa buterevu okuzuula obulabe obuli mu muliro nga bakozesa amafuta ku ''A. sieberiana'' seedling and sapling regeneration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabiiti |first1=Elly N. |last2=Wein |first2=Ross W. |date=1988 |title=Fire behaviour and the invasion of Acacia sieberiana into savanna grassland openings |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=301–313 |bibcode=1988AfJEc..26..301S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00982.x |issn=0141-6707 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabiiti |first=Elly N. |date=1983 |title=Ecological studies on Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. I. Effects of pre-treating seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, scarification, boiling and burning on germination |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=285–289 |bibcode=1983AfJEc..21..285S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00327.x |issn=0141-6707 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' == Ebijuliziddwa == <references />   [[Category:Abakozi mu by'ensoma mu Makerere University]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannakibiina kya Africa Academy of Sciences]] qw6jpaznh5kdk6tclxsa9t334cb5ojd 0 10934 58930 46320 2026-07-04T20:08:22Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 references and de-wikilinked 58930 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 ppaka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[:en:Mbarara_District|Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[:en:Mbarara_High_School|Mbarara High School]] ne [[:en:St._Henry's_College_Kitovu|St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti :[[:en:Education|BA (FA)/Dip.]] [[:en:Education|Ed]]. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[:en:Tanzania_Military_Academy|Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[:en:Monduli|Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[:en:Uganda_Senior_Command_and_Staff_College|Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[:en:FRONASA|FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[:en:Yoweri_Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[:en:Uganda_Bush_War|lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} lhi9lhjlexpae2y92aetx8vxusl7xyn 58931 58930 2026-07-04T20:09:24Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 references and de-wikilinked 58931 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 ppaka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[:en:Mbarara_District|Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[:en:Mbarara_High_School|Mbarara High School]] ne [[:en:St._Henry's_College_Kitovu|St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti :[[:en:Education|BA (FA)/Dip.]] [[:en:Education|Ed]]. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[:en:Tanzania_Military_Academy|Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[:en:Monduli|Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[:en:Uganda_Senior_Command_and_Staff_College|Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[:en:FRONASA|FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[:en:Yoweri_Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[:en:Uganda_Bush_War|lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} 0jfhs1otfowmza7epxoh9rmspssnyng 58932 58931 2026-07-04T20:10:21Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a new reference 58932 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 ppaka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[:en:Mbarara_District|Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[:en:Mbarara_High_School|Mbarara High School]] ne [[:en:St._Henry's_College_Kitovu|St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti :[[:en:Education|BA (FA)/Dip.]] [[:en:Education|Ed]]. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[:en:Tanzania_Military_Academy|Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[:en:Monduli|Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[:en:Uganda_Senior_Command_and_Staff_College|Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[:en:FRONASA|FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[:en:Yoweri_Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[:en:Uganda_Bush_War|lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} qzpbfh0k1dadxhivlxhlo69zieo5i8b 58933 58932 2026-07-04T20:13:23Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked and corrected mistakes 58933 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti :[[:en:Education|BA (FA)/Dip.]] [[:en:Education|Ed]]. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[:en:Tanzania_Military_Academy|Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[:en:Monduli|Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[:en:Uganda_Senior_Command_and_Staff_College|Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[:en:FRONASA|FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[:en:Yoweri_Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[:en:Uganda_Bush_War|lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} e2mcc69voedg6x1g5v9l7qxx9k1v6c0 58934 58933 2026-07-04T20:15:16Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked 58934 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti [[BA (FA)/Dip.]] Ed. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[:en:FRONASA|FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[:en:Yoweri_Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[:en:Uganda_Bush_War|lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} of0qc1f7zd77ue3bepccfrplhvfg6yw 58935 58934 2026-07-04T20:18:11Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked 58935 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti [[BA (FA)/Dip.]] Ed. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|title=Kimaka Graduates Report on Friday|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=6 September 2005|first=Archive|last=Newvision|accessdate=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[:en:Uganda_Bush_War|lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} 000b23r1bff7uztwqbs8potbngo21eg 58936 58935 2026-07-04T20:19:47Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 58936 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti [[BA (FA)/Dip.]] Ed. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|title=Kimaka Graduates Report on Friday|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=6 September 2005|first=Archive|last=Newvision|accessdate=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Uganda)</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[:en:UNLA|UNLA]]<nowiki/>eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[:en:Salim_Saleh|General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} eujautrrehhmjp038m9izi11gjh60rm 58937 58936 2026-07-04T20:21:41Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 references and de-wikilinked 58937 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti [[BA (FA)/Dip.]] Ed. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|title=Kimaka Graduates Report on Friday|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=6 September 2005|first=Archive|last=Newvision|accessdate=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Forgotten Original NRA 27|url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7364-the-forgotten-original-nra-27|first=Haggai|last=Matsiko|date=31 January 2013|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]]|accessdate=13 May 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514064650/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7364-the-forgotten-original-nra-27|archivedate=14 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[UNLA]] eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifokino yakirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe obwalagibwa bannaYuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} 8w8e9jq5sjg20ydsd9e5ywzvkt9jd2u 58938 58937 2026-07-04T20:26:44Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 references and de-wikilinked 58938 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti [[BA (FA)/Dip.]] Ed. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|title=Kimaka Graduates Report on Friday|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=6 September 2005|first=Archive|last=Newvision|accessdate=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Forgotten Original NRA 27|url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7364-the-forgotten-original-nra-27|first=Haggai|last=Matsiko|date=31 January 2013|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]]|accessdate=13 May 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514064650/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7364-the-forgotten-original-nra-27|archivedate=14 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[UNLA]] eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173|title=General Elly Tumwine: Fired the First Shot In NRA War|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=10 June 2011|accessdate=13 May 2014|first=Joshua|last=Kato|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173|archivedate=14 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifo kino ya kirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf|title=General Elly Tumwine's Page at Parliament.go.ug|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]|accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738|title=Tumwine Re-Appointed Court Boss|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=21 August 2005|accessdate=13 May 2014|first=Emmy|last=Allio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>{{cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=14 May 2022 |title=Sejusa, Tumwine, Gutti, Kayanja on List of Generals Retiring from Army Next Week - SoftPower News |url=https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/ |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe eri Bannayuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=14 May 2022 |title=Sejusa, Tumwine, Gutti, Kayanja on List of Generals Retiring from Army Next Week - SoftPower News |url=https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/ |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'eibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[:en:Flag|bendera]], n'[[:en:Flag|ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera]] wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[:en:Camouflage|ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[:en:Nakasero_Hospital|Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[:en:Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Nairobi|Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo by'ebweru == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} jduxmgzuzw5mngarbdgr8jggcdgr3os 58939 58938 2026-07-04T20:33:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked and corrected mistakes 58939 wikitext text/x-wiki General '''Elly Tumwine''' (12 Ogwokuna 1954–25 Ogwomunaana 2022) yali Munnayuganda [[munnamagye]], designer, visual artist, era omusomesa. Ye yaali mu kifo kya Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu [[Kakiiko akafuga Uganda]], okuva mu Gwokusatu gwa 2018 okutuusa 2021.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/breaking-museveni-fires-kayihura-tumukunde/|title=Museveni fires Kayihura and Tumukunde|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]|date=4 March 2018|author=The Independent, Uganda|access-date=15 August 2022|location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Yawummula okuva mu kwenyigira ennyo mu mirmu gy'amagye mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/104489/uganda-museveni-retires-bush-war-comrades-promotes-son/|title=Uganda: Museveni retires Bush War comrades, promotes son|work=The Africa Report|date=8 July 2022|author=Blanshe Musinguzi|access-date=25 August 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref> Yakola nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] okuva mu 1984 okutuuka mu 1987. Y'omu ku abo abaali mu bifo ebya waggulu mu ggye lya Ugandan nga gye bwavaako, yalagira Poliisi okukuba amasasi mu beekalakaasi. Era yeeyawa bannamagye ebiragiro by'okuwamba, okusiba, nookusimba ab'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti ku kkooti z'amagye okuwozesebwa ku misango emijweteke, era kino kyaviirako abawagizi ba [[Bobi Wine]] okuwaaba mu kkooti nti eddembe lyabwe lirinnyirirwa. Kino kyaleetera eggwanga lya America okugamba ku ba Generaali ba Uganda ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'abantu. Ono yali Mmemba mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda]], nga akiikirira ekitongole ky'eggye lya Uganda ekya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|title=General Tumwine on the State of NRM|date=30 January 2013|author=The Observer, Uganda|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141227/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=23437:gen-tumwine-on-the-state-of-nrm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|title=General Tumwine Urges Parliament to Declare Sejusa's Seat Vacant|date=3 October 2013|author=Nkonge I Kaggwa|work=The London Evening Post|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514110940/http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/gen-tumwine-urges-parliament-to-declare-sejusas-seat-vacant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Elly Tumwine yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwokuna, 1954, mu Burunga, ekisangibwa mu [[Disitulikiti y'eMbarara]]. Yasomerako ku ssomero lya Burunga Primary School, [[Mbarara High School]] ne [[St. Henry's College Kitovu]], nga tannayingira [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], nga eno mu 1977, yatikkirwa nga afunye Diguli Esooka eya Ati mu Kukuba n'okusiiga wamu ne [[:en:Education|Dipulooma mu Busomesa]]; mu lufuutufuuti [[BA (FA)/Dip.]] Ed. Yalondako kukasa mu By'afaayo by'okusiiga. Oluvannyuma yasomerera okubeera munnamagye asookerwako era nga yasomera ku [[Tanzania Military Academy]] erisangibwa e [[Monduli]]. Yasoma n'essomo Ly'okubeera Omukulu mu Magye nga lino yalisomera [[Uganda Senior Command and Staff College]] erisangibwa e Kimaka, mu [[Jinja]], Uganda, era yoomu ku bayizi abaasooka nga yatikirwa mu 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|title=Kimaka Graduates Report on Friday|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=6 September 2005|first=Archive|last=Newvision|accessdate=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/454461|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tumwine era yafuna neebisaanyizo ebirala okuva mu Somero ly'amagye erisangibwa e [[Vystry]], mu [[Soviet Union]]. == Omulimu gwe ogw'amagye == Mu 1978, yayingirira omulimu gwe ogw'obusomesa era ne yeeyunga ku ggye lya [[FRONASA]] eryali likulirwa [[Yoweri Museveni]] okulwanyisa okufuzi bwa [[Idi Amin]]. Mu 1981, Museveni bwe yagenda mu nsiko,okukola eggye lya[[National Resistance Army]] (NRA), Elly Tumwine yagenda naye. Agambibwa okuba nga yeeyakuba essasi eyasooka mu [[lutalo lw'eggye National Resistance Army]], olwaleeta eggye lya [[National Resistance Army]] n'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]] mu buyinza [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Forgotten Original NRA 27|url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7364-the-forgotten-original-nra-27|first=Haggai|last=Matsiko|date=31 January 2013|work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]]|accessdate=13 May 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514064650/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7364-the-forgotten-original-nra-27|archivedate=14 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu kulwanagana kuno wakati wa NRA eya Museveni ne [[UNLA]] eya Amin, Tumwine yafuna ebisago ku maaso era eriiso erimi lyafa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173|title=General Elly Tumwine: Fired the First Shot In NRA War|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=10 June 2011|accessdate=13 May 2014|first=Joshua|last=Kato|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184812/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/757173|archivedate=14 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu 1984, Tumwine yafuulibwa [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|Omuduumizi W'eggye]],era ekifo kino ya kirimu okutuusa mu 1987, bwe yasikirwa [[General Salim Saleh]]. Okumala emyaka egyawera, yaweerereza mu bifo omwali: * Minisita W'ebyokwerinda mu1989. * Dayirekita Omukulu Ow'ekitongole Ky'ebyokwerinda Okw'ebweru okuva mu 1994 okutuusa mu 1996. * Omuwabuzi wa W'omukulembeze W'eggwanga okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 1998 * Ssentebe W'akakiiko Akajulirwamu Ak'awaggulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa mu 1999. Yamala ebbanga nga akiikirira eggye ly'eggwanga erya UPDF mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] okuva mu 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=271.000000&const=Updf+Represantive&dist_id=73.000000&distname=Updf|title=General Elly Tumwine's Page at Parliament.go.ug|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]|accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda gwa 2005, yakuzibwa nadda ku ddaala lya generaali UPDF era naweebwa obuyinza okutandika okukulira Kkooti ya UPDF nga Generaali waayo Omukulu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738|title=Tumwine Re-Appointed Court Boss|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=21 August 2005|accessdate=13 May 2014|first=Emmy|last=Allio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185036/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/451738|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku Mmande 16 Ogwokutaano, 2022, Tumwiine yali omu ku baa generaali 34 abaali bawumudde okuva mu ggye lya UPDF.<ref>{{cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=14 May 2022 |title=Sejusa, Tumwine, Gutti, Kayanja on List of Generals Retiring from Army Next Week - SoftPower News |url=https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/ |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref> == Eddembe Ly'obuntu == Elly Tumwine yali ayogerwako nnyo ku nsonga ezeekuusa ku bukambwe eri Bannayuganda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukwata Bobi Wine nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu, 2020 e Luuka, okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo nga baabukakkanya noobukambwe obususe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=14 May 2022 |title=Sejusa, Tumwine, Gutti, Kayanja on List of Generals Retiring from Army Next Week - SoftPower News |url=https://softpower.ug/sejusa-tumwine-gutti-kayanja-on-list-of-generals-retiring-from-army-next-week/ |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref> == Okukola Ebifaananyi == Mu bwangu nga yaakamala okutikkirwa e Makerere University mu 1977, Elly Tumwine essira yalissa ku mulimu gwa kusomesa mu masomero ag'enjawulo mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga asomesa ssomo lino ery'okukuba ebifaananyi. Oluvannyuma lw'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]] okuwanguka mu 1986, yeeyongerayo n'emirimu gye egy'okuba ebifaananyi nga eno bwaweereza nga omuduumizi W'eggye lya NRA, yakola era naayiiya bendera nhe designed the [[bendera]], n'ekifaananyi ekibeera mu bendera wamu n'engoye z'eggye naazikola nga za kiragala neezo [[ezifaanana n'ekifo omuntu waaba yeeekwese]] nga zifaanagana. Yalondebwa Okubeera Ssentebe Ku kakiiko akakulira ekifo awalagibwa ebikwata ku nnono z'eggwanga ekya National Cultural Centre. Mu 1992, yatongoza kkampuni ye,eya The Creations Limited, okusobola okutumbula oludda lw'eggwanga eby'emikono, nga okukubiriza enkola z'obuyiiya mu kukuba ebifaananyi n'okubisiiga. Eno kkampuni erimu bitongole mu Ugandan omuli; * Ekibiina ekigatta abakola ebintu mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero amatono mu Uganda * Ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakolagana n'amaliba mu Uganda == Okufa kwe == Tumwine yatabukira ku mukolo gw'ambaga era naddusibwa ku [[Ddwaliro ly'eNakasero]] mu Kampala, mu Gwomusanvu gwa 2022. Embeera bwe yatabuka, yaddusibwa ku ddwaliro lya [[Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi]]. Eno gyeyafiira nga 25 Ogwomunaana gwa 2022. Yalina emyaka 68.<ref name="DeathR">https://chimpreports.com/gen-elly-tumwine-68-dies-at-nairobi-hospital/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa ebweru wa wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Ebikwata ku Elly Tumwine Ow'ebifaananyi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Profile at Uganda Parliament Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184221/http://www.kentaro-art.com/artists/Tumwine/tumwine_en.htm Okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu lupapula lw'amawulire mu2012] * [[google:general+elly+tumwine&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=pmVyU7uCNNjr8AXFo4CADw&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=781&bih=336|Ebifaananyi bya Elly Tumwine ku Google.com]] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Sam Magara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[National Resistance Army|Commander of the National Resistance Army]]|years=1984 – 1987}} {{s-aft|after=[[General]] [[Salim Saleh]]}} {{end}} jkthjxmjzwpxp3jxhc1ai9axtc29hda 0 11205 58958 58492 2026-07-04T22:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Nabukenya (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwekkumi 2008)''' [[Munnayuganda]] omuzannyi w'o[[Omupiira ogw'ebigere|Mupiira]] ogw'ensimbi aguzannyira ku kiraabu ya Kawempe Muslim Ladies FC,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12|title=This is my year: Agnes Nabukenya|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/this-is-my-year-agnes-nabukenya-4688196|access-date=2024-11-06|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabukenya inspires Kawempe Muslim Ladies FC to amazing win over Rines |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/sports/nabukenya-inspires-kawempe-muslim-ladies-fc-t-NV_196801 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> kiraabu erina omutendesi Munnayuganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Unsung heroines in Kawempe’s title triumph |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/unsung-heroines-in-kawempe-s-title-triumph-4640254 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Caf Women’s Champions League: Kawempe in fair qualification draw |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/caf-women-s-champions-league-kawempe-in-fair-qualification-draw-4701122 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Nabukenya wamu ne banne mu liigi y'abakyala ey'okuntikko mu Uganda eyitibwa FUFA women Super League balina bye batuuseeko mu bulamu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apio |first=Nicole |date=2024-11-05 |title=Kawempe Muslim Ladies Sweep October Awards in Women Super League |url=https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/11/05/kawempe-muslim-ladies-sweep-october-awards-in-women-super-league/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=NBS Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-03 |title=Kawempe Muslim ladies, Amus College share spoils in 1-1 draw |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/sports/kawempe-muslim-ladies-amus-college-share-spoils-in-1-1-draw-4810982 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609170127/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/sports/kawempe-muslim-ladies-amus-college-share-spoils-in-1-1-draw-4810982 |archive-date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Agnes Nabukenya okusoma yakutandikira mu ssomero lya Mityana Kindergarten ne Primary school mu Disitulikiti e Mityana, mu mwaka 2018, ne yegatta ku St Noa Girls Secondary School gye yasomera okumala omwaka mulamba oluvannyuma nalyoka yegatta ku Mukono Parents mu 2019 gye yamaliriza omutendera gwa Pulayimale mu 2021.[https://schoolsuganda.com/schools/st-noa-girls-secondary-school] Mu 2022, yeegatta ku Kawempe Muslim Secondary School okusoma siniya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250609170128/https://kawempemuslimss.ac.ug/] Omupiira yagutandikira mu ssomero lya St Noa Junior School ng'ali mu kibiina ekyokutaano sso nga ogwensimbi yagutandikira mu Kawempe Muslim Ladies Football Club mu 2022 oluvanyuma lw'okutandika okusomera ku Kawempe Muslim SS. Kiraabu eno yakiikiirirako eggwanga Uganda mu mpaka ezokusunsula kiraabu ezizannya ku mutendera gwa ssemazinga [[Afirika]] mu kikopo kya kiraabu empanguzi eziyitibwa [[CAF Women's Champions League]]. <ref>https://cecafaonline.com/kawempe-muslim-ladies-to-represent-uganda-in-caf-women-champions-league-zonal-qualifiers/</ref> [[Uganda Revenue Authority Football Club]] yasiima omutindo gwa ttiimu ya Kawempe Muslim Ladies era bwetyo netuuka kunzikiriziganya nabaddukanya Kiraabu eno okweddiza Kiraabu ey’abato eya Kawempe Muslim Ladies Football Club bwetyo nefuuka tiimu yabakyala wansi wa [[Uganda Revenue Authority|Uganda Revenue Authority FC]] . Mu sizoni ye esooka nga omuzannyi wa Kawempe Muslim Ladies Football Club, teyateeba ggoolo yonna mu mipiira esatu gye yazannya kyokka Okuva mu 2022 okutuuka mu 2025, yakateeba ggoolo 23 mu mipiira 72 ekintu ekiraga okwesitula okwekika ekyawaggulu [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/this-is-my-year-agnes-nabukenya-4688196] Mu sizoni ya 2023/24 Nabukenya ye yalondebwa nga omuzannyi eyasinga okwolesa omutindo era nagabana engatto y'omuzannyi eyasinga okulengera akatimba sizoni eyo ne goolo 10. Mu sizoni yemu kiraabu ye yawangula ekikopo kya [[FUFA Women Super League]] 2023/24. [https://kawowo.com/2024/05/26/kawempe-muslim-win-2023-24-fufa-women-super-league-title/] == Ku mutendera ogweggwanga == Yeegatta ku ttiimu z'eggwanga mu mwaka 2023 era nazannyira ku mitendera egyenjawulo omuli abatasussa myaka 17, 18, wamu nabatasussa 20 kwossa nokuzannyira ttiimu ya Uganda eyabakyala enkulu eyitibwa '''Crested Cranes [https://cecafaonline.com/skipper-nabukenya-scores-six-as-uganda-humbles-namibia-in-fifa-u-17-womens-world-cup-qualifier/]''' Omuzannyo gwe ogwasooka mu ttiimu z’eggwanga gwali mu 2023 ne ttiimu y’abato abatasussa myaka 18. Wano yazannya emipiira 4 era n’ateeba ggoolo 3, mumwaka gwegumu era yazannyira tiimu yabatasussa myaka 20, n’ateeba ggoolo ssatu. Mu 2024, yazannya emipiira ena ku ttiimu y’eggwanga ey'abali wansi w'emyaka 17 n’ateeba ggoolo bbiri, era mu mwaka gwe gumu, yayitibwa okuzannyira tiimu enkulu omulundi ogusooka era nazannya ku ttiimu y’eggwanga ey’abakulu eya Crested Cranes emipiira ebiri kyokka n’atateeba. Mu 2025, Nabukenya yazannya emipiira esatu ku ttiimu yegwanga eyabatasussa myaka 17 mu mpaka ez'okusunsula ab'okwetaba mu [[:en:FIFA_U-17_Women's_World_Cup|Kikopo kyensi yonna ekyabawala abatasussa myaka 17]] mu mupiira wakati wa Uganda ne [[Namibia]] Nabukenya yateeba ggoolo mukaaga. [https://cecafaonline.com/skipper-nabukenya-scores-six-as-uganda-humbles-namibia-in-fifa-u-17-womens-world-cup-qualifier/] == Byawangudde == 2022: Omuteebi eyasinga okuteeba mu mpaka za Afirika ez'okusunsulamu amasomero nga abayizi tebasukka myaka 25 [Ggoolo 8]. 2023/24: [[:en:FUFA_Women_Super_League|Liigi yabakyala mu Uganda]] [https://kawowo.com/2024/05/26/kawempe-muslim-win-2023-24-fufa-women-super-league-title/] 2023/24: Omuzannyi eyasinga okwolesa omutindo mu liigi yabakyala 2023/24: Yawangula engatto y'omuzannyi eyasinga okuteeba ggoolo enyinji [10]. 2024: Ekikopo kyempaka zamasomero aga siniya mu Uganda. 2025: Omuteebi eyasinga okuteeba ggoolo mu mpaka zamasomero ga Siniya [goolo 15]. == Laba ne == * [[Shamirah Nalugya|Shamira Nalugya]] * [[Fauzia Najjemba]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abasamba omupiira]] [[Category:Ebikwata ku mupiira gw'abakyala mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa mu bumpimpi]] [[Category:Ebikwata ku mupiira gwa Uganda mu bumpimpi]] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 2008]] b2re6mjkmjrxni6emn4c7ukv2ko2fd8 0 11577 58853 48005 2026-07-04T15:33:58Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected punctuations 58853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) mubaka wa Gavumenti [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]]. Akola nga Ambasada mu Yitale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga owenkalakkalira mu [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi]], [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme]], ne [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza gye yabunyisa okumanya okutuuka ku kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 0gj8yu8fkzcq7fzlsxvgtczytgqke5e 58854 58853 2026-07-04T16:28:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a databox 58854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) mubaka wa Gavumenti [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]]. Akola nga Ambasada mu Yitale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga owenkalakkalira mu [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi]], [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme]], ne [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza gye yabunyisa okumanya okutuuka ku kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] f8k1aitvqn07jsxo3rc9k33cv897tc8 58855 58854 2026-07-04T16:43:58Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 58855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza gye yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] aajpqbs0hc5j8ga9ig9dnusz2r95odh 58856 58855 2026-07-04T16:45:01Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 58856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] aatx1a36k5rxgyjabu0ock2iruceaan 58857 58856 2026-07-04T16:51:22Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a new heading and new paragraph 58857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] jd2ga6isd8ji6e6lnqw5hbnjich3l94 58858 58857 2026-07-04T16:55:26Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 13hrfln1zxejyijj30h39t6fbq0dgrs 58859 58858 2026-07-04T16:57:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] mf3gwsvl9zdyfxfh08803ymbaph7qpd 58860 58859 2026-07-04T17:00:52Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 7ctotghpizbjqk8akrwh4brjc66oy22 58861 58860 2026-07-04T17:02:10Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 new line 58861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] cb1wr1de2sl5giof6ehyxekejaydkx6 58862 58861 2026-07-04T17:03:51Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okubuulirira ku nkulaakulana''' Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] t20hc1xmz5do4d69g5rqa5x6bna7tvw 58863 58862 2026-07-04T17:06:23Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 58863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] jqv2i5lu9ewen7bht0d13szgikbunn8 58864 58863 2026-07-04T17:12:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] k64exg7egrj7ndt719kn5nl6ydowpw4 58865 58864 2026-07-04T17:13:46Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 new line 58865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] h60jd1c9l8s50xo1bp4pv4gjafuc989 58866 58865 2026-07-04T17:15:02Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 58866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] eybgcechkvcxgtmjcree4v8k25670tt 58867 58866 2026-07-04T17:18:13Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 1fi89ch82quxd4xez9afrt9o4mmbvnb 58868 58867 2026-07-04T17:21:47Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 new line 58868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] b5zmuuuxp1ii46shg0jk1w6ej9nleca 58869 58868 2026-07-04T17:23:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 new line 58869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] kt01wbivtlvhn9brzny9wm2nv7m60r2 58870 58869 2026-07-04T17:28:47Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] lnb7b7o1dmdkc1dkb4ekekuye203i0i 58871 58870 2026-07-04T17:34:13Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a new heading and new paragraph 58871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] iorr5re98bfl857p7p8o09pvvtc3pxf 58872 58871 2026-07-04T17:44:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 6xi2cwcyqts3bg3copfy6dwqpxmgvrm 58873 58872 2026-07-04T17:45:21Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] dmd42pnxbcxa95avxtx47dc9tqvvxiu 58874 58873 2026-07-04T17:46:56Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 58874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <big>Obulamu bw’omunda</big> == == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] rqh09ds61xml7vqpkzct5dx3r175ggg 58875 58874 2026-07-04T17:47:41Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 58875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <big>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</big> == == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 4foj81xogb27djwaxuzkcqcp5eyrd81 58876 58875 2026-07-04T17:49:04Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 new line 58876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] a3ddrn30t0e90nmh60av4dynkizy32i 58877 58876 2026-07-04T17:50:58Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 58877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 1v2v06glhpyavgveee5ihhn518rww5p 58878 58877 2026-07-04T17:52:26Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] i2ork2b2d6a9sgjriy3m8a7gy3b679g 58880 58878 2026-07-04T17:55:54Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] [[Category:Abakungu mu kitongole kya Food and Agriculture Organization]] qa54eb17m3hzym9w2nk2jni3n6k8o3r 58882 58880 2026-07-04T17:57:33Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 58882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] [[Category:Abakungu mu kitongole kya Food and Agriculture Organization]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru abakazi]] kufbchyu8aza9ych3qyl9grilcie6lz 58884 58882 2026-07-04T18:00:17Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] [[Category:Abakungu mu kitongole kya Food and Agriculture Organization]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru abakazi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] og4sqnbs3q9keytp070qdoqdb8q3bwp 58886 58884 2026-07-04T18:02:09Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] [[Category:Abakungu mu kitongole kya Food and Agriculture Organization]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru abakazi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1958]] shakc3ctujibgt1gpch39ff8toeiw0i 58888 58886 2026-07-04T18:04:17Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] [[Category:Abakungu mu kitongole kya Food and Agriculture Organization]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru abakazi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1958]] [[Category:Abaasomerako ku Makerere University]] swwkcl8uiw3vfbtwk9fh2djv7pmwt38 58890 58888 2026-07-04T18:06:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }} '''Elizabeth Paula Napeyok''' (Yazaalibwa nga 24 Ogwekkumineebiri, 1988) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omubaka wa Gavumenti akola nga Akiikirira Uganda mu Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of the Republic of Uganda Presents Credentials to the President of the Republic |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/ambassador-of-the-republic-of-uganda-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-the-republic/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye mukiise w'eggwanga ow'enkalakkalira mu Kitongole ky'Emmere n'ebyobulimi,ekya [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], ekya [[World Food Programme]], ne [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. E. Amb. Elizabeth Paula Napeyok, Head of Mission and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP & IFAD |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/leadership/he-amb-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-head-mission-and-permanent-representative-fao-wfp-ifad |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref> == Obuto n'okusoma kwe == Napeyok yazaalibwa Kangole era naakuguka mu mulimu gw'ebyenjigiriza, era yabunyisa okumanya kwe mu kusomesa abawala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novosti Press |url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/Rektorat_dogadanja_2021/Ambassador_Napeyok_-_Biography_PDF.pdf}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'okusoma kwe == * '''Dipuloma mu by’enjigiriza (Olungereza/Geography):''' Yagifuna mu 1976 okuva mu National Teachers’ College Kyambogo (kati [[Yunivasite y'e Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]). * '''Diguli essoka eya BA (Hons) mu Sociology/Social Administration:''' Yagifuna mu 1988 okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu [[Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore / Uganda / Presentation of Credentials, 25 June 2015 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/625902/singapore-uganda-presentation-of-credentials-25-june-20.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannagenda mu yunivasite, yamaliriza emisomo gye egya O-Level (East African Certificate of Education) e [[Gulu]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], mu 1972. Olugendo lwe olw’ebyenjigiriza lwassaawo omusingi gw’omulimu gwe ogwasooka ng’omusomesa era omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana nga tannadda mu buweereza bw’abakungu. == Emirimu gye == '''Entandikwa y'Emyaka gya 1970–Emyaka gya 1990 nga: Ekisaawe ky’ebyenjigiriza''' Napeyok obulamu bwe obw'ekikugu yabutandikira mu busomesa bwa siniya mu [[Northern Region, Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . Emirimu gye mu by’enjigiriza mwalimu: * Okusomesa ku ssomero lya Kangole Girls Secondary School. * Okulinnya eddaala okutuuka ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'omukulu w'essomero. * Ng’aweereza ng’omuwandiisi w’omumyuka w'ebyenjigiriza mu disitulikiti okuva mu 1985. '''1991–2004: Okwebuuzibwako ku by'enkulaakulana''' Okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi, Napeyok yakola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku by'enkulaakulana. Mu kifo kino, yakolagana ne [[Ugandan government|gavumenti ya Uganda]], ebitongole wansi w’ekitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ebiwerako, n’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiyamba abantu. Essira yalissa ku nkulaakulana z’ebitundu n’ensonga z’obuntubulamu. '''2004–Kati: Empeereza y’abakungu''' Napeyok yeegatta ku minisitule ya Uganda ey’ensonga z’ebweru, gy’abadde mu bifo by’ababaka ebikulu ebiwerako: '''- Omubaka wa Bufalansa, Cuba, ne Buyindi:''' Okusooka okuteekebwa mu bifo eby’obubaka mwalimu okuweereza ng’Omubaka wa Uganda mu [[Cuba]] ne [[Bufalansa]], n’okubeera Kaminsona Omukulu mu [[India|Buyindi]] . '''- Omulimu gw’akola mu kiseera kino (okuva mu 2017): Omubaka mu [[Yitale]] :''' Mu kiseera kino ali mu kifo kino, era abeera mu kibuga [[Rome]]. '''- Omukiise ow’enkalakkalira mu bitongole by’ekibiina [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|ky’amawanga amagatte]] :''' Mu kiseera kye kimu n’omulimu gwe ogw’okubeera Omubaka mu [[Yitale]], ye mukiise ow’enkalakkalira wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu bitongole [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|by’amawanga amagatte]] ebisatu eby’emmere ebisangibwa e [[Rome]]: * [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] * [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme (WFP)]] * [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)]] '''Omubaka atali mutuuze:''' Obunene bw’emirimu gye mu kiseera kino era butwala amawanga nga [[Serbia]] ne [[Cyprus]], gy’aweereza ng’omubaka atali mutuuze/Kamisona omukulu okutumbula enkolagana y’amawanga gombi n’ebyobusuubuzi. == Awaadi ze n'okusiimibwa == Mu 2013, Napeyok yalondebwa ku bwa Kaminsona wa Uganda mu Buyindi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-16|title=Envoys of five nations present credentials to President Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/envoys-of-five-nations-present-credentials-to-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/27479045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-04-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Napeyok yakkirizibwa nga Her Excellency mu 2017 Gavumenti ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Uganda in Italy |url=https://easydiplomacy.com/en/ambasciate-straniere/embassy-of-uganda-in-italy/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=EasyDiplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Paula Napeyok - State House Uganda |url=https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113035632/https://statehouse.go.ug/tag/elizabeth-paula-napeyok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ambasada awa obuwagizi eri bamusigansimbi ab’ensi yonna ne Bannayuganda abali mu nsi endala okuzuula emikisa gy’okusiga ensimbi okutumbula ebyenfuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR ELIZABETH PAULA NAPEYOK MEETING WITH POBIC ASSOCIATION AND THE TOP MANAGEMENT OF THE GIANNINA GASLINI PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL GENOVA, ITALY, 12 TH JULY, 2024. {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Uganda |url=https://rome.mofa.go.ug/article/her-excellency-ambassador-elizabeth-paula-napeyok-meeting-pobic-association-and-top |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=rome.mofa.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Diaspora urged to invest back home |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505934/ugandan-diaspora-urged-invest-home |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Napeyok abadde asiimibwa olw’ebintu by’akoledde ne awaadi okuva ewa Pulezidenti bbiri: emu olw’omulimu gwe yakola mu kutumbula ebyenjigiriza by’abawala ate endala olw’okutumbula okutunda ebintu ebweru w’eggwanga. == <small>Obulamu bwe obw’omunda</small> == Elizabeth Paula Napeyok maama w’abaana babiri. == Laba ne == * [[Joy Ruth Acheng]] * [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Parliarment of Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru]] [[Category:Abakungu mu kitongole kya Food and Agriculture Organization]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Uganda ebweru abakazi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1958]] [[Category:Abaasomerako ku Makerere University]] [[Category:Abaasomerako ku Kyambogo University]] mdkdktw6ic24uu6m4vbk5imx9al5qws 0 11591 58826 40625 2026-07-04T14:38:06Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added a Databox 58826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]]''' [[:en:Ugandan|Munnayuganda]], omusuubuzi, omuyiiya, [[:en:Educator|omusomesa]], era alwanirira [[:en:Digital_transformation|enkyukakyuka ya digito]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), Omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[:en:East_African_Community|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_member|mmemba abatali ba lukiiko olufuzi]] olwa [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link [[Bulaaya|Europe]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku [[:en:Chartered_Management_Institute|ttendekero lya Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[:en:Business_advisor|Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[:en:East_Africa|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[South Africa|Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[:en:Nonprofit_organization|ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_director|Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[:en:Digital_transform|Digital Transform]] era Avunaanyizibwa ku bakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[:en:Oil_and_Gas|Oil ne Gas]], [[:en:Finance|Ebyensimbi]], [[:en:Information_technology|IT]], [[:en:Telecommunications|n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] c9rf3lwgn72ivehd22t0h23h23jthz6 58827 58826 2026-07-04T14:39:30Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 58827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]]''' [[:en:Ugandan|Munnayuganda]], omutandisi w'emirimu avugibwa okukkiriza, omuyiiya, [[:en:Educator|omusomesa]], era alwanirira [[:en:Digital_transformation|enkyukakyuka ya digito]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), Omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[:en:East_African_Community|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_member|mmemba abatali ba lukiiko olufuzi]] olwa [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link [[Bulaaya|Europe]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku [[:en:Chartered_Management_Institute|ttendekero lya Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[:en:Business_advisor|Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[:en:East_Africa|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[South Africa|Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[:en:Nonprofit_organization|ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_director|Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[:en:Digital_transform|Digital Transform]] era Avunaanyizibwa ku bakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[:en:Oil_and_Gas|Oil ne Gas]], [[:en:Finance|Ebyensimbi]], [[:en:Information_technology|IT]], [[:en:Telecommunications|n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] smrp1lroj4ooesko2aoft6uipoj6viy 58830 58827 2026-07-04T14:47:38Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and de-wikilinked 58830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), Omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[:en:East_African_Community|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_member|mmemba abatali ba lukiiko olufuzi]] olwa [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link [[Bulaaya|Europe]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku [[:en:Chartered_Management_Institute|ttendekero lya Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[:en:Business_advisor|Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[:en:East_Africa|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[South Africa|Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[:en:Nonprofit_organization|ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_director|Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[:en:Digital_transform|Digital Transform]] era Avunaanyizibwa ku bakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[:en:Oil_and_Gas|Oil ne Gas]], [[:en:Finance|Ebyensimbi]], [[:en:Information_technology|IT]], [[:en:Telecommunications|n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] qln8txeum8cn2dl7079kak3w2f7b71e 58832 58830 2026-07-04T14:50:07Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 58832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link [[Bulaaya|Europe]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku [[:en:Chartered_Management_Institute|ttendekero lya Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[:en:Business_advisor|Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[:en:East_Africa|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[South Africa|Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[:en:Nonprofit_organization|ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_director|Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[:en:Digital_transform|Digital Transform]] era Avunaanyizibwa ku bakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[:en:Oil_and_Gas|Oil ne Gas]], [[:en:Finance|Ebyensimbi]], [[:en:Information_technology|IT]], [[:en:Telecommunications|n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] 1dkxpzvn87sok2ypkru08d2x66ymlmh 58833 58832 2026-07-04T14:51:31Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 58833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku [[:en:Chartered_Management_Institute|ttendekero lya Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[:en:British_Telecom|British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[:en:Business_advisor|Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[:en:East_Africa|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[South Africa|Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[:en:Nonprofit_organization|ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_director|Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[:en:Digital_transform|Digital Transform]] era Avunaanyizibwa ku bakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[:en:Oil_and_Gas|Oil ne Gas]], [[:en:Finance|Ebyensimbi]], [[:en:Information_technology|IT]], [[:en:Telecommunications|n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] dhaex76fevxi1w8hq1lrxpx2ogdk1wk 58834 58833 2026-07-04T14:52:23Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 58834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[:en:Engineer|yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[:en:Business_advisor|Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[:en:East_Africa|Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[South Africa|Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[:en:Chairperson|Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[:en:Nonprofit_organization|ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[:en:United_Kingdom|Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[:en:Co-founder|Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[:en:Non-executive_director|Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[:en:Stanbic_Bank_Uganda_Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[:en:Digital_transform|Digital Transform]] era Avunaanyizibwa ku bakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[:en:Oil_and_Gas|Oil ne Gas]], [[:en:Finance|Ebyensimbi]], [[:en:Information_technology|IT]], [[:en:Telecommunications|n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] eie9wwzvbq5tg7am0dyeo9uyns4oizf 58835 58834 2026-07-04T14:59:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 58835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Engule n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == [[:en:Married|Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[:en:Daughters|ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] 5j6c5247s2yl0juxee08zxh3776o7eu 58836 58835 2026-07-04T15:00:58Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and de-wikilinked 58836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omudantu ku bubwe == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] t3dqlzg9j88mfdvrt7bco20o3axkcnq 58837 58836 2026-07-04T15:01:23Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 58837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu bw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] 0jzrvbi5pemuzu6x7gypydvq72b0tza 58838 58837 2026-07-04T15:01:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 58838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] lfon30ns8fnmm8jcwfuijb1h6hsxnli 58839 58838 2026-07-04T15:04:28Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] e9o6n8hdjo0f2tlr7suovltmqtvcw6d 58841 58839 2026-07-04T15:07:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannassaayanzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] gkf2jj405tqyigwmiy35gbpvnxf3d60 58843 58841 2026-07-04T15:09:46Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannassaayanzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasuubuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] mdvn8aih45vkru2660aqytsh61wgqog 58845 58843 2026-07-04T15:11:34Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannassaayanzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasuubuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] ix0cikjqb2vwv1kkyj55y2drj54yrut 58847 58845 2026-07-04T15:13:12Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannassaayanzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasuubuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abakulira bizinensi]] ndkurhp0z9aplply68a5ju6tkge0ykk 58849 58847 2026-07-04T15:14:49Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannassaayanzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasuubuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abakulira bizinensi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abasomesa]] 63pfum73xz5bwl9nl9tik7omufawz0t 58851 58849 2026-07-04T15:16:56Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} '''Elizabeth Ntege Munnayuganda [[yinginiya]],''' mutandisi w'amirimu, muyiiya, [[musomesa]], era mulwanirizi wa [[nkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya]] okwetoloola [[Afirika]] yonna avugibwa okukkiriza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Vision - Latest News |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/ictau-innovation-village-partner-to-strengthe-143634 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Ye [[Ssentebe w’olukiiko]] olufuzi olw’ekibiina ki Information Communication Technology Association (ICTAU), omu ku [[:en:Co-Founder|Batandisi]] era [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Akulira]] kkampuni ya NFT Consult Group okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021, NFT Mobility, NFT Ignite ekolera mu mawanga mukaaga mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] era nga yakola nga mmemba atali ba lukiiko olufuzi owa [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banura |first=Joan |date=2021-03-08 |title=NFT Consult Group CEO, Elizabeth Ntege ICATU Chairperson-elect |url=https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=PC Tech Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Enabling environment spurring ICT growth – study |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/enabling-environment-spurring-ict-growth-study-4303554 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yakola nga [[yinginiya]] mu kkampuni nga Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert ne D-link Europe ey'e [[Bulaaya]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3">https://pctechmag.com/2021/03/nft-consult-group-ceo-elizabeth-ntege-elected-as-new-icatu-chairperson/</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Yasoma Diguli esooka eya masannyalaze (BEng) mu byuma bikalimagezi, Systems Engineering (okuva mu 1989 -1993) ku yunivasite ya De Montfort Leicester (DMU). Dipuloma mu by’okuddukanya emirimu ku ttendekero lya [[Chartered Management Institute]] (2006). == Emirimu gye == Ntege yakolako ne Uganda Telecom, [[British Telecom]], BT Concert, ne D-Link Europe nga [[yinginiya]] okumala emyaka egisukka mu 10 era nga Integrator era [[Omuwabuzi ku Bizinensi]] ku The Innovation Village okuva mu Gwokubiri 2020 okutuuka Ogwekkumi 2020.<ref name=":4" /> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba NFT Consult Group eyatandika mu 2005 okutuusa leero n’emirimu gyayo mu mawanga 12 mu [[Buvanjuba bwa Afirika]] ne mu [[Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika]], [[Akulira]] NFT Consult Ltd, okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2021 okutuusa kati wamu n'obwa dayirekita W'enteekateeka n'Emirimu okuva mu Gwokusatu 2005 - Ogwekkumineebiri 2019, yalondebwa mu Gwokubiri 2021 okutuusa kati okubeera Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olw'ekitongole ki Information Communication Technology Association Uganda (ICTAU), era nga [[Ssentebe]] ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa Uganda Limited ne Board of Chance for Childhood, [[ekitongole ekitali kya magoba]] ekisangibwa mu [[Bungereza]] ekiwagira abaana abateesobola okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elizabeth Ntege – Chairperson, ICT Association of Uganda - TICON Africa |url=https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Y'omu ku batandisi]] ba ITES Innovation Hub era nga Ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi olwa Tekinologiya n'obuyiiya, Mugwekkuminoogumu 2023 okutuuka mu Gwokutaano 2024. Yakola nga [[Dayirekita atenyigira buterevu mu kuddukanya emirimu]] mu [[Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited|Stanbic Bank Uganda]] okuva mu Gwoluberyeberye 2020 okutuuka mu Mugwokutaano 2024.<ref name=":3" /> Era ye [[Digital Transform]] era Avukulira abakozi mu Invest2Impact [[Afirika]] okuva mu Gwokutaano 2020.<ref>https://ticonafrica.org/2025/02/24/elizabeth-ntege-chairperson-ict-association-of-uganda/</ref> Mu mulimu gwe, essira aliteeka ku makolero ga [[Oil ne Gas|Oil and Gas]], [[Ebyensimbi]], [[IT]], [[n'ebyamasimu]]. == Awaadi ze n’ebituukiddwaako == * Tech She-Roe 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spidd’s Tech She-Roe 2025: Elizabeth Ntege – A Trailblazer in Uganda’s ICT Sector & Workforce Transformation – Spidd |url=https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090138/https://www.spiddafrica.com/2025/03/06/spidds-tech-she-roe-2025-elizabeth-ntege-a-trailblazer-in-ugandas-ict-sector-workforce-transformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Signatory Women's Empowerment Principles June 2024. * Gold Award - UNDP Gender Equality Seal in December 2023. == Obulamu obw’omuda == [[Mufumbo]] era alina abaana babiri [[ab'obuwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namyalo |first=Consolate |date=2021-03-11 |title=#WomensMonth2021: Leading In A Crisis – Elizabeth Ntege - Zuba Network |url=https://zubanetwork.com/womensmonth2021-leading-in-a-crisis-elizabeth-ntege/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Maggie Kigozi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://ictau.ug/ https://ictau.ug/ Omukutu gwa yintaneeti.] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi bannassaayansi ab'Ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannassaayanzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasuubuzi ab'Ekyasa kyabirimwekimu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abakulira bizinensi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakazi abasomesa]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abalwanirizi]] roe5mdbdgifw0siowwy8ybgdo0xt3fo 0 12229 58795 42906 2026-07-04T13:37:38Z Berniter 10779 58795 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 ng'emannyikiddwa nga '''Gaba Bible Institute''', <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> nga tebanaba kugituuma '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Esira lya yunivasite eno eryali lisinga okubeera ekulu lyali lisinziira ku bwetaago bwa Afrika obw'okubeera ng'Abakulembezze B'ediino baalina okusitukira awamu okugabana okusaasira kwa Kristo n’enjiri y’esuubi mu kanisa n’ebitundu ebiyagayaga ennyo okufuna enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] okubeera Yunivasite Ey’obwananyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma baagitogoza ng'eri wansi w’erinnya ly'erina kati ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post hc99hdf62nu04smm631kms96hboeg2r 58806 58795 2026-07-04T13:43:25Z Berniter 10779 58806 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Esira lya yunivasite eno eryali lisinga okubeera ekulu lyali lisinziira ku bwetaago bwa Afrika obw'okubeera ng'Abakulembezze B'ediino baalina okusitukira awamu okugabana okusaasira kwa Kristo n’enjiri y’esuubi mu kanisa n’ebitundu ebiyagayaga ennyo okufuna enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] okubeera Yunivasite Ey’obwananyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma baagitogoza ng'eri wansi w’erinnya ly'erina kati ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post 3qy4cpci2k0gyz13bt6yb1b6xlkfkse 58821 58806 2026-07-04T14:28:56Z Berniter 10779 58821 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] okubeera Yunivasite Ey’obwananyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma baagitogoza ng'eri wansi w’erinnya ly'erina kati ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post g509ess4pt9ldbnswhqalyb7jjccfyo 58822 58821 2026-07-04T14:31:30Z Berniter 10779 58822 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma baagitogoza ng'eri wansi w’erinnya ly'erina kati ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post ez3upu5jv0k3rcb691xcvvbp6btlmbl 58823 58822 2026-07-04T14:33:28Z Berniter 10779 58823 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma kyatongozebwa wansi w'erinnya lyayo eririwo ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post ltnt86mqqlh2btwtwil1k2g2xy3fxur 58824 58823 2026-07-04T14:34:28Z Berniter 10779 Ngaseeko Data box 58824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma kyatongozebwa wansi w'erinnya lyayo eririwo ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post 3i89wrgljan3i5c6i0k2njm8cu31uqy 58825 58824 2026-07-04T14:35:11Z Berniter 10779 /* Ebijuliziddwaamu */ 58825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[:en:Uganda_National_Council_for_Higher_Education|Uganda Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu]] (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma kyatongozebwa wansi w'erinnya lyayo eririwo ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post 9p6g92swszkhx3nnj299w9m083unjy6 58828 58825 2026-07-04T14:43:30Z Berniter 10779 58828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[Uganda]] Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma kyatongozebwa wansi w'erinnya lyayo eririwo ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda|Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post ny2fi4ddnpbbi8qo5vsgz9mmdhu2s20 58829 58828 2026-07-04T14:47:19Z Berniter 10779 58829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[Uganda]] Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma kyatongozebwa wansi w'erinnya lyayo eririwo ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda * [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Uganda|Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post ocdmrwm8b8dxk0j3fmou63e00ajwmgn 58831 58829 2026-07-04T14:49:28Z Berniter 10779 58831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Africa Renewal University''' (AfRU) ye yunivasite y'obwannannyini eri ku musingi gw'Ediini mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Yatandikibwawo mu 2007 nga Gaba Bible Institute, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408030407/http://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Nga tenakyusibwa kufuuka '''Africa Renewal Christian College''' . Essira ku  yunivasite lyali ku kusinziira ku bwetaavu bwa Afirika obw'abakulembeze abenzikiriza ya'Abakristaayo okuyimuka okugabana obusaasizi bwa Kristo n'enjiri ey'essuubi mu kkanisa n'abantu abalindirira enkyukakyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135713/https://afru.ac.ug/about/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku nkomerero ya 2013, yafuna Layisinsi ey’ekiseera okuva mu lukiiko lwa [[Uganda]] Oludukanya Eby'enjigiriza By'amatendekero Agawagulu (Uganda National Council for Higher Education) okubeera Yunivasite ey'Obwannannyini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://afru.ac.ug/about/accreditation |access-date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Africa Renewal University}}</ref> Oluvannyuma kyatongozebwa wansi w'erinnya lyayo eririwo ku ntandikwa ya 2014.<ref name="NV">{{cite news|title=Uneducated people make poor leaders- graduates told|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338339/uneducated-people-poor-leaders-graduates-told|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[New Vision]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> == Laba ne == * Eby'enjigiriza mu Uganda * Olukalala lwa yunivasite mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}}[https://nilepost.co.ug/2023/01/21/africa-renewal-university-cleared-by-nche-for-charter-status/?fbclid=IwAR1dgMoq3g1M8ZxBJ5YVoneMFIr9C4yIfnZ1ASC2c0AwWOxQqRh5Fk7ANP4 Africa-Renewal-University-ekiriziddwa -aba by-nche-for-charter-status] Bigiddwa okuva ku Nile Post jo4s2h23keyvddp048zxyfjnqg2skrn 0 12306 58916 54425 2026-07-04T19:39:40Z Musuuza 11013 ntereezezza ku mpandiika 58916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bruno Kiggundu''' (yazaalibwa 21 Ogw'omusanvu 1992), mu by'ekikugu amanyiddwa nga '''Bruno K''', Munnayuganda omuyimbi, omusunyi wa ggita, munnakatemba era mulwanirizi w'embeera z'abantu mu Uganda.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-1</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-2</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-3</ref><ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-4</ref> Yatandika okumanyikwa ennyo oluvannyuma lw’okumalira mu kifo ekyokubiri mu mpaka za [[:en:Airtel|Airtel]] Trace Music Stars era oluvannyuma n’afuna ettutumu n’ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi nga Faridah, One for the Road, ne Omuwala. Bruno amanyiddwa olw'eddoboozi lye, obukugu bwe mu kukuba ggita, n'engeri gy'awandiikamu ennyimba ezinyumya emboozi, ng'atera okuggya endowooza mu byeyayitamu mu bulamu bwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:0-5</ref> == Ebyafaayo n'obuyigirize bwe == Bruno K yazaalibwa mu gw'omusanvu 21, 1992, bazadde ba Mwami Donovan Kiggundu ne Mukyala Cissy Kasozi e [[:en:Namulonge|Namulonge]] mu Disitulikiti y’e [[:en:Wakiso_District|Wakiso]] mu Uganda. Ye mwana owookubiri mu baana basatu era ye mulenzi yekka. Yasomera Kitante Primary School ne Kazinga Parents School okusoma pulayimale nga tannayingira Seroma Christian High School n’oluvannyuma Naggalama SS okusoma [[:en:O‑Level|O-level]] ne [[:en:A-level|A-level.]] Oluvannyuma yasoma diguli eyookubiri mu by’amawulire n’empuliziganya mu [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], olugendo lwe olw’okuyimba gye lwatandikira.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-6</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Obukugu bwe == === Ennyimba === Mu myaka gye gyonna egy’okusoma, Bruno yali yeenyigira nnyo mu kuyimba, amazina, ne katemba. Omulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba ogw’ekikugu yagutandikira mu yunivasite oluvannyuma lw’okukola bbandi ya Pearl Music ne mikwano gye bana. Oluvannyuma yazuuliddwa MC Kats bwe yali ayimba ku Centenary Park, eyamukubiriza okwegatta ku mpaka za Airtel Trace Music Stars. Bruno yamalidde mu kyakubiri mu mpaka za Uganda, nga luno lwe lwatandika olugendo lwe olw’ekikugu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-7</ref> Mu 2015, Bruno yafulumya oluyimba lwe olwasooka olukulu olwa "Where You Been At," n'addirira ennyimba eziwerako omuli "One for the Road," "Faridah," "Omuwala," ne "Leero Mbaga."Obukugu bwe mu kukuba gitaala n'okutuusa enneewulira byamufuula ow'enjawulo mu nsiike y'okuyimba mu Uganda. Mu 2020, yakola endagaano ne kkampuni ya [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records,]] kyokka omukago ne gukaawa olw’enkaayana z’endagaano ekyavaako olutalo lw’amateeka. <ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-8</ref><ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref> Mu 2025, kkooti enkulu mu Uganda yamuwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 ez’okuliyirira ebyonooneddwa oluvannyuma lw’okusalawo nti label eno yali etyoboola eddembe lye ery’okuwandiika n’okumuggyako ssente z’obusuulu. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-11</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-12</ref> Okuva olwo yeegatta ku Source Management ng’abuulirirwa Maneja Roger, ng’aluubirira okuzzaawo n’okwongera ku mulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba. Akyagenda mu maaso n’okufulumya emiziki era alangiridde enteekateeka z’okukola EP ya Reggae n’okukolagana okupya. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-13</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-14</ref> '''Okuzannya katemba''' Mu 2023, Bruno yagaziwa mu kuzannya katemba n'akola mu muzannyo gwa ttivvi ogwa Uganda ogwa Junior Drama Club ogwakolebwa Allan Manzi ne Nisha Kalema.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-15</ref> Yalaze essuubi nti alina okutumbula abawagizi be n’okukyusakyusa ssente z’afuna ng’ayita mu kuzannya katemba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-16</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-17</ref> == Omusono gw’ennyimba n’ebikwata ku bantu == Omuziki gwa Bruno K gugatta Afrobeat, R&B, ne soul, ng’emirundi mingi guwerekerwako acoustic guitar. Ebigambo bye bikwata ku kwagala, okumenya omutima, okunnyonnyola mu bantu, n’ebyo by’ayitamu ku bubwe. Agamba nti enzikiriza ye ey’Ekikristaayo n’okulwanagana kwe ku bubwe bye bikulu ebimuleetera okuyimba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-18</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-19</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Bruno K Mukristaayo eyazaalibwa omulundi ogw’okubiri. Yakkiriza Obukristaayo mu kiseera ekizibu mu bulamu bwe, ekyamanyisibwa okunyigirizibwa mu nneewulira oluvannyuma lw’omukwano ogwalemererwa. Bulijjo agenda mu Phaneroo Fellowship era okuwona kwe okw’omwoyo agamba nti kwava ku Mutume Grace Lubega.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-20</ref> Taata w’abaana basatu. Muwala we Briella yazaalibwa munne Racheal Nasasira eyafa kookolo w'olususu mu 2021.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-21</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-22</ref> Bruno yayolekedde okutunulwamu mu lujjudde olw’okufa kwe kyokka n’asambajja ebigambibwa nti yalagajjalirwa, n’atangaaza nti famire ye yali nnungi era nga yawadde obujjanjabi obumala.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-23</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-24</ref> Bruno abadde mulambulukufu ku ntalo ze yamala, omuli okuwona ekirwadde kya [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]], okukola ku mukwano ogw’okutulugunyizibwa, n’okuvvuunuka ebizibu by’emirimu. Akozesezza omukutu gwe okwogera ku ddembe ly’abasajja, okutulugunyizibwa mu nneewulira, n’obulamu bw’obwongo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-25</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Obuzirakisa == Mu 2021, Bruno K yafuna okufaayo olw’okuwagira abalenzi abato babiri abaali baswaziddwa mu lujjudde ku ttivvi y’eggwanga olw’okuwunya omubiri mu kiseera ky’okulaga ebitone. Yabalondoola, n’abawa obuwagizi, era ne yeeyama okubeera omubuulirizi mu bulamu bwabwe.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-26</ref> == Enkaayana eziriwo == Bruno yabadde mu nkaayana mu lujjudde n’omusuubuzi Jalia Nassolo ow’omu Amerika olw’okusubwa vidiyo y’omuziki. Yagambye nti empuliziganya embi n’okulwawo okutambuza ebintu, ate ye n’alumiriza nti yeeyisa mu ngeri etali ya kikugu. Ensonga eno yaleese okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nkolagana y’abayimbi ne bakasitoma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-27</ref> Era yayolekagana n’okusika omuguwa ne [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records]] ku ndagaano ezitali za bwenkanya, okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika, n’okuggyawo YouTube. Yawangula ensala za kkooti eziwera ng’akakasa eddembe lye ery’obwannannyini ku muziki gwe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-28</ref> == Discography == Ekimu kya Luguudo Faridah Omuwala Leero Mbaga Ntaawa Nkooye Okulowoza Ffena Ebiro Bya Omukwano Akaboozi Wanokiriza.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-30</ref> == Engule == HiPipo Music Awards (Omuyimbi Asunsuddwa & Omuyimbi Amanyiddwa).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-31</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-32</ref> Ensala ya kkooti y’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika – Yaweebwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 olw’okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika (2025).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:1-9</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ebikolwa ebikwatagana nabyo == Kabuye SSemboga Nina Roz [[John Blaq]] A Pass Don MC [[Eddy Kenzo]] [[Spice Diana]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0j7mmnw7fh7jx5rtp1bx3u49dbb6e6r 58919 58916 2026-07-04T19:45:48Z Musuuza 11013 Musuuza moved page [[Bruno K.]] to [[Bruno K]]: Misspelled title: Baaliwandiika bubi nga bateekako akatonnyeze akatalina kubeeerako ku nkomerero 58916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bruno Kiggundu''' (yazaalibwa 21 Ogw'omusanvu 1992), mu by'ekikugu amanyiddwa nga '''Bruno K''', Munnayuganda omuyimbi, omusunyi wa ggita, munnakatemba era mulwanirizi w'embeera z'abantu mu Uganda.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-1</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-2</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-3</ref><ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-4</ref> Yatandika okumanyikwa ennyo oluvannyuma lw’okumalira mu kifo ekyokubiri mu mpaka za [[:en:Airtel|Airtel]] Trace Music Stars era oluvannyuma n’afuna ettutumu n’ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi nga Faridah, One for the Road, ne Omuwala. Bruno amanyiddwa olw'eddoboozi lye, obukugu bwe mu kukuba ggita, n'engeri gy'awandiikamu ennyimba ezinyumya emboozi, ng'atera okuggya endowooza mu byeyayitamu mu bulamu bwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:0-5</ref> == Ebyafaayo n'obuyigirize bwe == Bruno K yazaalibwa mu gw'omusanvu 21, 1992, bazadde ba Mwami Donovan Kiggundu ne Mukyala Cissy Kasozi e [[:en:Namulonge|Namulonge]] mu Disitulikiti y’e [[:en:Wakiso_District|Wakiso]] mu Uganda. Ye mwana owookubiri mu baana basatu era ye mulenzi yekka. Yasomera Kitante Primary School ne Kazinga Parents School okusoma pulayimale nga tannayingira Seroma Christian High School n’oluvannyuma Naggalama SS okusoma [[:en:O‑Level|O-level]] ne [[:en:A-level|A-level.]] Oluvannyuma yasoma diguli eyookubiri mu by’amawulire n’empuliziganya mu [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], olugendo lwe olw’okuyimba gye lwatandikira.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-6</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Obukugu bwe == === Ennyimba === Mu myaka gye gyonna egy’okusoma, Bruno yali yeenyigira nnyo mu kuyimba, amazina, ne katemba. Omulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba ogw’ekikugu yagutandikira mu yunivasite oluvannyuma lw’okukola bbandi ya Pearl Music ne mikwano gye bana. Oluvannyuma yazuuliddwa MC Kats bwe yali ayimba ku Centenary Park, eyamukubiriza okwegatta ku mpaka za Airtel Trace Music Stars. Bruno yamalidde mu kyakubiri mu mpaka za Uganda, nga luno lwe lwatandika olugendo lwe olw’ekikugu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-7</ref> Mu 2015, Bruno yafulumya oluyimba lwe olwasooka olukulu olwa "Where You Been At," n'addirira ennyimba eziwerako omuli "One for the Road," "Faridah," "Omuwala," ne "Leero Mbaga."Obukugu bwe mu kukuba gitaala n'okutuusa enneewulira byamufuula ow'enjawulo mu nsiike y'okuyimba mu Uganda. Mu 2020, yakola endagaano ne kkampuni ya [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records,]] kyokka omukago ne gukaawa olw’enkaayana z’endagaano ekyavaako olutalo lw’amateeka. <ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-8</ref><ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref> Mu 2025, kkooti enkulu mu Uganda yamuwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 ez’okuliyirira ebyonooneddwa oluvannyuma lw’okusalawo nti label eno yali etyoboola eddembe lye ery’okuwandiika n’okumuggyako ssente z’obusuulu. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-11</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-12</ref> Okuva olwo yeegatta ku Source Management ng’abuulirirwa Maneja Roger, ng’aluubirira okuzzaawo n’okwongera ku mulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba. Akyagenda mu maaso n’okufulumya emiziki era alangiridde enteekateeka z’okukola EP ya Reggae n’okukolagana okupya. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-13</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-14</ref> '''Okuzannya katemba''' Mu 2023, Bruno yagaziwa mu kuzannya katemba n'akola mu muzannyo gwa ttivvi ogwa Uganda ogwa Junior Drama Club ogwakolebwa Allan Manzi ne Nisha Kalema.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-15</ref> Yalaze essuubi nti alina okutumbula abawagizi be n’okukyusakyusa ssente z’afuna ng’ayita mu kuzannya katemba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-16</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-17</ref> == Omusono gw’ennyimba n’ebikwata ku bantu == Omuziki gwa Bruno K gugatta Afrobeat, R&B, ne soul, ng’emirundi mingi guwerekerwako acoustic guitar. Ebigambo bye bikwata ku kwagala, okumenya omutima, okunnyonnyola mu bantu, n’ebyo by’ayitamu ku bubwe. Agamba nti enzikiriza ye ey’Ekikristaayo n’okulwanagana kwe ku bubwe bye bikulu ebimuleetera okuyimba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-18</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-19</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Bruno K Mukristaayo eyazaalibwa omulundi ogw’okubiri. Yakkiriza Obukristaayo mu kiseera ekizibu mu bulamu bwe, ekyamanyisibwa okunyigirizibwa mu nneewulira oluvannyuma lw’omukwano ogwalemererwa. Bulijjo agenda mu Phaneroo Fellowship era okuwona kwe okw’omwoyo agamba nti kwava ku Mutume Grace Lubega.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-20</ref> Taata w’abaana basatu. Muwala we Briella yazaalibwa munne Racheal Nasasira eyafa kookolo w'olususu mu 2021.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-21</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-22</ref> Bruno yayolekedde okutunulwamu mu lujjudde olw’okufa kwe kyokka n’asambajja ebigambibwa nti yalagajjalirwa, n’atangaaza nti famire ye yali nnungi era nga yawadde obujjanjabi obumala.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-23</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-24</ref> Bruno abadde mulambulukufu ku ntalo ze yamala, omuli okuwona ekirwadde kya [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]], okukola ku mukwano ogw’okutulugunyizibwa, n’okuvvuunuka ebizibu by’emirimu. Akozesezza omukutu gwe okwogera ku ddembe ly’abasajja, okutulugunyizibwa mu nneewulira, n’obulamu bw’obwongo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-25</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Obuzirakisa == Mu 2021, Bruno K yafuna okufaayo olw’okuwagira abalenzi abato babiri abaali baswaziddwa mu lujjudde ku ttivvi y’eggwanga olw’okuwunya omubiri mu kiseera ky’okulaga ebitone. Yabalondoola, n’abawa obuwagizi, era ne yeeyama okubeera omubuulirizi mu bulamu bwabwe.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-26</ref> == Enkaayana eziriwo == Bruno yabadde mu nkaayana mu lujjudde n’omusuubuzi Jalia Nassolo ow’omu Amerika olw’okusubwa vidiyo y’omuziki. Yagambye nti empuliziganya embi n’okulwawo okutambuza ebintu, ate ye n’alumiriza nti yeeyisa mu ngeri etali ya kikugu. Ensonga eno yaleese okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nkolagana y’abayimbi ne bakasitoma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-27</ref> Era yayolekagana n’okusika omuguwa ne [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records]] ku ndagaano ezitali za bwenkanya, okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika, n’okuggyawo YouTube. Yawangula ensala za kkooti eziwera ng’akakasa eddembe lye ery’obwannannyini ku muziki gwe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-28</ref> == Discography == Ekimu kya Luguudo Faridah Omuwala Leero Mbaga Ntaawa Nkooye Okulowoza Ffena Ebiro Bya Omukwano Akaboozi Wanokiriza.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-30</ref> == Engule == HiPipo Music Awards (Omuyimbi Asunsuddwa & Omuyimbi Amanyiddwa).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-31</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-32</ref> Ensala ya kkooti y’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika – Yaweebwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 olw’okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika (2025).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:1-9</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ebikolwa ebikwatagana nabyo == Kabuye SSemboga Nina Roz [[John Blaq]] A Pass Don MC [[Eddy Kenzo]] [[Spice Diana]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0j7mmnw7fh7jx5rtp1bx3u49dbb6e6r 58923 58919 2026-07-04T19:51:06Z Musuuza 11013 ntereezezza omutwe 58923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bruno Kiggundu''' (yazaalibwa 21 Ogw'omusanvu 1992), mu by'ekikugu amanyiddwa nga '''Bruno K''', Munnayuganda omuyimbi, omusunyi wa ggita, munnakatemba era mulwanirizi w'embeera z'abantu mu Uganda.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-1</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-2</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-3</ref><ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-4</ref> Yatandika okumanyikwa ennyo oluvannyuma lw’okumalira mu kifo ekyokubiri mu mpaka za [[:en:Airtel|Airtel]] Trace Music Stars era oluvannyuma n’afuna ettutumu n’ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi nga Faridah, One for the Road, ne Omuwala. Bruno amanyiddwa olw'eddoboozi lye, obukugu bwe mu kukuba ggita, n'engeri gy'awandiikamu ennyimba ezinyumya emboozi, ng'atera okuggya endowooza mu byeyayitamu mu bulamu bwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:0-5</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Bruno K yazaalibwa mu gw'omusanvu 21, 1992, bazadde ba Mwami Donovan Kiggundu ne Mukyala Cissy Kasozi e [[:en:Namulonge|Namulonge]] mu Disitulikiti y’e [[:en:Wakiso_District|Wakiso]] mu Uganda. Ye mwana owookubiri mu baana basatu era ye mulenzi yekka. Yasomera Kitante Primary School ne Kazinga Parents School okusoma pulayimale nga tannayingira Seroma Christian High School n’oluvannyuma Naggalama SS okusoma [[:en:O‑Level|O-level]] ne [[:en:A-level|A-level.]] Oluvannyuma yasoma diguli eyookubiri mu by’amawulire n’empuliziganya mu [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], olugendo lwe olw’okuyimba gye lwatandikira.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-6</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Obukugu bwe == === Ennyimba === Mu myaka gye gyonna egy’okusoma, Bruno yali yeenyigira nnyo mu kuyimba, amazina, ne katemba. Omulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba ogw’ekikugu yagutandikira mu yunivasite oluvannyuma lw’okukola bbandi ya Pearl Music ne mikwano gye bana. Oluvannyuma yazuuliddwa MC Kats bwe yali ayimba ku Centenary Park, eyamukubiriza okwegatta ku mpaka za Airtel Trace Music Stars. Bruno yamalidde mu kyakubiri mu mpaka za Uganda, nga luno lwe lwatandika olugendo lwe olw’ekikugu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-7</ref> Mu 2015, Bruno yafulumya oluyimba lwe olwasooka olukulu olwa "Where You Been At," n'addirira ennyimba eziwerako omuli "One for the Road," "Faridah," "Omuwala," ne "Leero Mbaga."Obukugu bwe mu kukuba gitaala n'okutuusa enneewulira byamufuula ow'enjawulo mu nsiike y'okuyimba mu Uganda. Mu 2020, yakola endagaano ne kkampuni ya [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records,]] kyokka omukago ne gukaawa olw’enkaayana z’endagaano ekyavaako olutalo lw’amateeka. <ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-8</ref><ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref> Mu 2025, kkooti enkulu mu Uganda yamuwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 ez’okuliyirira ebyonooneddwa oluvannyuma lw’okusalawo nti label eno yali etyoboola eddembe lye ery’okuwandiika n’okumuggyako ssente z’obusuulu. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-11</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-12</ref> Okuva olwo yeegatta ku Source Management ng’abuulirirwa Maneja Roger, ng’aluubirira okuzzaawo n’okwongera ku mulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba. Akyagenda mu maaso n’okufulumya emiziki era alangiridde enteekateeka z’okukola EP ya Reggae n’okukolagana okupya. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-13</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-14</ref> '''Okuzannya katemba''' Mu 2023, Bruno yagaziwa mu kuzannya katemba n'akola mu muzannyo gwa ttivvi ogwa Uganda ogwa Junior Drama Club ogwakolebwa Allan Manzi ne Nisha Kalema.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-15</ref> Yalaze essuubi nti alina okutumbula abawagizi be n’okukyusakyusa ssente z’afuna ng’ayita mu kuzannya katemba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-16</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-17</ref> == Omusono gw’ennyimba n’ebikwata ku bantu == Omuziki gwa Bruno K gugatta Afrobeat, R&B, ne soul, ng’emirundi mingi guwerekerwako acoustic guitar. Ebigambo bye bikwata ku kwagala, okumenya omutima, okunnyonnyola mu bantu, n’ebyo by’ayitamu ku bubwe. Agamba nti enzikiriza ye ey’Ekikristaayo n’okulwanagana kwe ku bubwe bye bikulu ebimuleetera okuyimba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-18</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-19</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Bruno K Mukristaayo eyazaalibwa omulundi ogw’okubiri. Yakkiriza Obukristaayo mu kiseera ekizibu mu bulamu bwe, ekyamanyisibwa okunyigirizibwa mu nneewulira oluvannyuma lw’omukwano ogwalemererwa. Bulijjo agenda mu Phaneroo Fellowship era okuwona kwe okw’omwoyo agamba nti kwava ku Mutume Grace Lubega.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-20</ref> Taata w’abaana basatu. Muwala we Briella yazaalibwa munne Racheal Nasasira eyafa kookolo w'olususu mu 2021.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-21</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-22</ref> Bruno yayolekedde okutunulwamu mu lujjudde olw’okufa kwe kyokka n’asambajja ebigambibwa nti yalagajjalirwa, n’atangaaza nti famire ye yali nnungi era nga yawadde obujjanjabi obumala.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-23</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-24</ref> Bruno abadde mulambulukufu ku ntalo ze yamala, omuli okuwona ekirwadde kya [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]], okukola ku mukwano ogw’okutulugunyizibwa, n’okuvvuunuka ebizibu by’emirimu. Akozesezza omukutu gwe okwogera ku ddembe ly’abasajja, okutulugunyizibwa mu nneewulira, n’obulamu bw’obwongo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-25</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Obuzirakisa == Mu 2021, Bruno K yafuna okufaayo olw’okuwagira abalenzi abato babiri abaali baswaziddwa mu lujjudde ku ttivvi y’eggwanga olw’okuwunya omubiri mu kiseera ky’okulaga ebitone. Yabalondoola, n’abawa obuwagizi, era ne yeeyama okubeera omubuulirizi mu bulamu bwabwe.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-26</ref> == Enkaayana eziriwo == Bruno yabadde mu nkaayana mu lujjudde n’omusuubuzi Jalia Nassolo ow’omu Amerika olw’okusubwa vidiyo y’omuziki. Yagambye nti empuliziganya embi n’okulwawo okutambuza ebintu, ate ye n’alumiriza nti yeeyisa mu ngeri etali ya kikugu. Ensonga eno yaleese okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nkolagana y’abayimbi ne bakasitoma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-27</ref> Era yayolekagana n’okusika omuguwa ne [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records]] ku ndagaano ezitali za bwenkanya, okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika, n’okuggyawo YouTube. Yawangula ensala za kkooti eziwera ng’akakasa eddembe lye ery’obwannannyini ku muziki gwe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-28</ref> == Discography == Ekimu kya Luguudo Faridah Omuwala Leero Mbaga Ntaawa Nkooye Okulowoza Ffena Ebiro Bya Omukwano Akaboozi Wanokiriza.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-30</ref> == Engule == HiPipo Music Awards (Omuyimbi Asunsuddwa & Omuyimbi Amanyiddwa).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-31</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-32</ref> Ensala ya kkooti y’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika – Yaweebwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 olw’okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika (2025).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:1-9</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ebikolwa ebikwatagana nabyo == Kabuye SSemboga Nina Roz [[John Blaq]] A Pass Don MC [[Eddy Kenzo]] [[Spice Diana]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4xmghu0b0ak0q2joouzxav8vynty9vb 58952 58923 2026-07-04T21:09:51Z Musuuza 11013 Okutereeza empandiika n'okutereeza ensobi ezikoleddwa 58952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bruno Kiggundu''' (yazaalibwa 21 Ogw'omusanvu 1992), mu by'ekikugu amanyiddwa nga '''Bruno K''', Munnayuganda omuyimbi, omusunyi wa ggita, munnakatemba era mulwanirizi w'embeera z'abantu mu Uganda.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-1</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-2</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-3</ref><ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-4</ref> Yatandika okumanyikwa ennyo oluvannyuma lw’okumalira mu kifo ekyokubiri mu mpaka za [[:en:Airtel|Airtel]] Trace Music Stars era oluvannyuma n’afuna ettutumu n’ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi nga Faridah, One for the Road, ne Omuwala. Bruno amanyiddwa olw'eddoboozi lye, obukugu bwe mu kukuba ggita, n'engeri gy'awandiikamu ennyimba ezinyumya emboozi, ng'atera okuggya endowooza mu byeyayitamu mu bulamu bwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:0-5</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Bruno K yazaalibwa 21 Ogw'omusanvu 1992, bazadde be Mwami Donovan Kiggundu ne Mukyala Cissy Kasozi e [[:en:Namulonge|Namulonge]] mu Disitulikiti y’e [[:en:Wakiso_District|Wakiso]] mu Uganda. Ye mwana owookubiri mu baana abasatu era ye mulenzi yekka. Yasomera Kitante Primary School ne Kazinga Parents School okusoma pulayimale nga tannayingira Seroma Christian High School n’oluvannyuma Naggalama SS okusoma [[:en:O‑Level|O-level]] ne [[:en:A-level|A-level.]] Oluvannyuma yasoma diguli esooka mu by’amawulire n’empuliziganya mu [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], olugendo lwe olw’okuyimba gye lwatandikira.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-6</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gye == === Omuziki === Mu myaka gye gyonna egy’okusoma, Bruno yali yenyigira nnyo mu kuyimba, amazina, ne katemba. Omulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba ogw’ekikugu yagutandikira mu yunivasite oluvannyuma lw’okukola bbandi ya Pearl Music ne mikwano gye bana. Oluvannyuma yazuulidbwa MC Kats bwe yali ayimba ku Centenary Park, eyamukubiriza okwegatta ku mpaka za Airtel Trace Music Stars. Bruno yawangula ekifo eky’okubiri mu mpaka za Uganda, ekintu ekyalambika entandikwa y’olugendo lwe olw’obuyimbi obw’ekikugu..<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-7</ref> Mu 2015, Bruno yafulumya oluyimba lwe olwasooka olukulu olwamumanyisa ennyo olwa "Where You Been At," n'azzaako ennyimba eziwerako omuli "One for the Road," "Faridah," "Omuwala," ne "Leero Mbaga."Obukugu bwe mu kusuna ggita n'engeri gy'atuusa obubaka obujjudde emizannyo n'emyoyo byayamba nnyo okumumanyisa mu by'obuyimbi mu Uganda. Mu 2020, yakola endagaano ne kkampuni ya [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records,]] naye enkolagana eno yafuuka embi olw’obutakkaanya ku ndagaano, ekyaviirako olutalo lw’amateeka. <ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-8</ref><ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:2-10</ref> Mu 2025, kkooti enkulu mu Uganda yamuwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 ez’okuliyirira ebyonooneddwa oluvannyuma lw’okusalawo nti label eno yali etyoboola eddembe lye ery’okuwandiika n’okumuggyako ssente z’obusuulu. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-11</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-12</ref> Okuva olwo, yeegatta ku Source Management nga ali wansi w’obulabirizi bwa Manager Roger, ng’alina ekigendererwa ky’okuzzaamu n’okwongera okukuza omulimu gwe ogw’okuyimba. Mu 2025, yajjiddwaako ku luyimba “Sherry” olwa '''Buka Chimey''', omuyimbi Omuganda. Kati agenda mu maaso n’okufulumya ennyimba, era alangiridde enteekateeka z’okukola '''EP ya reggae''' wamu n’okukolagana n’abayimbi abalala abapya. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-13</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-14</ref> '''Okuzannya firimu''' Mu 2023, Bruno yagaziwa mu kuzannya firimu n'afuna omukisa mu kuzannya omuzannyo mu pulogulaamu ya TV emanyiddwa ennyo eya Uganda eyitibwa ''Junior Drama Club'' ogwakolebwa Allan Manzi ne Nisha Kalema.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-15</ref> Yalaga essuubi ery’amaanyi mu kwongera okuzimba abawagizi be n’okugaziya ensibuko z’ensimbi ze ng’ayita mu kuzannya firimu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-16</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-17</ref> == Emisono gy’obuyimbi n’ebikosa ennyimba ze == Omuziki gwa Bruno K gugatta Afrobeat, R&B, ne soul, ng’emirundi mingi guwerekerwako acoustic guitar. Ebigambo bye bikwata ku kwagala, okumenya omutima, okunnyonnyola mu bantu, n’ebyo by’ayitamu ku bubwe. Ayogera ku kukkiriza kwe okw’Ekikristaayo n’okusoomoozebwa kwe okw’obuntu ng’ensibuko enkulu ezimukubiriza n'okumusindikiriza mu kuyimba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-18</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-19</ref> == Obulamu bwe == Bruno K Mukristaayo eyazaalibwa omulundi ogw’okubiri. Yakkiriza Obukristaayo mu kiseera ekizibu mu bulamu bwe, nga ajjudde obulumi bw’omwoyo olw’okwawukana mu nkolagana y’okwagala eyalemwa. Bulijjo agenda mu Phaneroo Fellowship era okuwona kwe okw’omwoyo agamba nti kwava ku Mutume Grace Lubega.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-20</ref> Alina abaana basatu. Mu bawala be mulimu Briella, eyazaalibwa omwagalwa we, Racheal Nasasira, eyafa obulwadde bwa kkansa w’olususu mu 2021.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-21</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-22</ref> Bruno yavaamu okwekebejjebwa mu lujjudde oluvannyuma lw’okufa kwa muganzi we, naye yagaana ebigambibwa nti yali yalekawo omugenzi, n’annyonnyola nti ab’enganda ze baalina obusobozi era nga baamuwa obujjanjabi obumala.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-23</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-24</ref> Bruno abadde mulambulukufu ku ntalo ze yamala, omuli okuwona ekirwadde kya [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]],ng’alwanyisa enkolagana ez’obutali bwesimbu n’okuwangula ebizibu ebyamulemesa mu mulimu gwe ogw’obuyimbi. Era akozesezza ekifo kye okwogera ku ddembe ly’abasajja, okukosebwa mu mwoyo, n’eby’obulamu bw’obwongo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-25</ref><ref name=":0" /> Mu 2026, Kiggundu yatandika okuyiga olulimi Olugirimaani mu bbugumu mu ssomero lya German Language School Kampala, ng’agamba nti ayagala okugaziya emikisa gye egy’emirimu n’eby’okuyiiya ebweru w’eggwanga. == Obulungi bw’okuyamba abantu == Mu 2021, Bruno K yafuna okufaayo olw’okuwagira abalenzi abato babiri abaali baswaziddwa mu lujjudde ku ttivvi y’eggwanga olw’okuwunya omubiri mu kiseera ky’okulaga ebitone. Yabalondoola, n’abawa obuwagizi, era ne yeeyama okubeera omubuulirizi mu bulamu bwabwe.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-26</ref> == Enkaayana eziriwo == Bruno yenyigira mu nkaayana mu lujjudde n’omusuubuzi Jalia Nassolo ow’omu Amerika olw’okusubwa vidiyo y’omuziki. Yagamba nti waliwo obutamanyagana n’okulwawo kw’enteekateeka, ate ye yennyini yategeeza nti waliwo obutali bwesimbu mu nkola y’emirimu. Ensonga eno yaleeta okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nkolagana y’abayimbi ne bakasitoma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-27</ref> Era yayolekagana n’okusika omuguwa ne [[:en:Black_Market_Records|Black Market Records]] ku ndagaano ezitali za bwenkanya, okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika, n’okuggyawo YouTube. Yawangula ensala za kkooti eziwera ng’akakasa eddembe lye ery’obwannannyini ku muziki gwe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-28</ref> == Ennyimba z'afulumizza == * Ekimu kya Luguudo * Faridah * Omuwala * Leero Mbaga * Ntaawa * Nkooye Okulowoza * Ffena * Ebiro Bya Omukwano * Akaboozi * Wanokiriza.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-30</ref> == Awaadi == HiPipo Music Awards (Omuyimbi Asunsuddwa & Omuyimbi Amanyiddwa).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-31</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-32</ref> Ensala ya kkooti y’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika – Yaweebwa obukadde bwa UGX 130 olw’okumenya amateeka g’obuyinza bw’okuwandiika (2025).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K#cite_note-:1-9</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Abayimbi baakolagana nabo == * Kabuye SSemboga * Nina Roz * [[John Blaq]] * A Pass * Don MC * [[Eddy Kenzo]] * [[Spice Diana]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jn7aq1j3rapsjf5wj4fd7hu7lq93xj8 0 12486 59012 44302 2026-07-05T05:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhanga''' kibuga ekisangibwa mu [[:en:Western_Region,_Uganda|maserengeta]] ga [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] . Ky'e kibuga ekikulu eky'ebyobusuubuzi era ekisinga obunene mu [[:en:Rukiga_District|Disitulikiti y'e Rukiga]] . Wabula ekitebe kya disitulikiti eno kisangibwa mu [[:en:Mparo,_Rukiga|Mparo]] . <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=Mulera |first=Muniini |date=1 July 2017 |title=Overview of Rukiga District, Uganda |url=http://mulerasfireplace.com/rukiga-politics/rukiga/ |access-date=11 August 2017 |publisher=Mulerasfireplace.com |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011836/http://mulerasfireplace.com/rukiga-politics/rukiga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> fyrpl3fbs5xudxpl4i5t0tskpusaocf 0 12591 59010 45027 2026-07-05T05:06:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59010 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mandazi''' nga muluswayiri bakiwandiika mandazi oba maandazi kika kya [[:en:List_of_fried_dough_foods|mugaati omusiike]] ogwasibuka ku [[:en:Swahili_coast|lubalama lw’ennyanja ewali aboogera olulimi Oluswayiri]] mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika. Era kimanyiddwa nga bofrot oba [[:en:Puff-puff|puff-puff]] mu mawanga g'Omubugwanjuba bwa Afrika nga [[Ghana]] ne [[Nigeria]]. Y’emu ku mmere enkulu mu mmere [[:en:Swahili_people|y’Abaswayiri]] ababeera mu bitundu by’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja mu bitundu by'e Kenya ne Tanzania. <ref name="Cmsb">{{Cite web |title=MANDAZI : SWAHILI buzarelististBUNS |url=http://www.cooks.com/recipe/v51wg1s8/mandazi-swahili-buns.html |access-date=24 July 2014 |publisher=COOKS.COM}}</ref> <ref name="Fscdmisr">{{Cite web |title=Swahili Coconut Donuts ('Mandazi' in Swahili) Recipe |url=http://www.familycookbookproject.com/recipe/2458778/swahili-coconut-donuts--mandazi--in-swahili.html |access-date=24 July 2014 |publisher=Family Cookbook Project}}</ref> Ekika ky'emere eno emannyikiddwa nnyo mu kitundu olw'okuba nyangu yakukola, esobola okuliibwa na buli kika kya mere, enva oba akampwanchi mpwanchi nga ko, ng'era kisobola okuterekebwa ne bakibugumya nekiriibwa oluvannyuma.<ref name="swahilirecipes">{{Cite web |last=Peck |first=Richard |title=Swahili Recipes |url=http://legacy.lclark.edu/~peck/EAf-Orient/SWAHILI-Recipes1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227042653/http://legacy.lclark.edu/~peck/EAf-Orient/SWAHILI-Recipes1.htm |archive-date=27 February 2010 |access-date=13 November 2009 |publisher=Lewis & Clark}}</ref> <ref name="cookbook">{{Cite web |title=Kenyan Cookbook |url=http://www.expandingopportunities.org/cookbook/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605091622/http://www.expandingopportunities.org/cookbook/index.html |archive-date=5 June 2009 |access-date=13 November 2009 |publisher=Expanding Opportunities}}</ref> == Eby'efananyiriza == Mandazi geefananyiriza [[:en:Doughnuts|donati]], nga zirina obuwoomi ennyo nga buno busobola okwawulwamu n'ebirungo eby’enjawulo. Wabula, tebiwooma nnyo nga [[:en:Doughnuts#United_States|donati ez’omulembe eza Amerika]] era zitera okugabibwa nga ziriko sukaali [[:en:Icing_(food)|gwebamamiddeko]] yonna. <ref name="sparkrecipes">{{Cite web |title=Mandazi Recipe |url=http://recipes.sparkpeople.com/recipe-detail.asp?recipe=468352 |access-date=13 November 2009 |publisher=SparkRecipes |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211060447/https://recipes.sparkpeople.com/recipe-detail.asp?recipe=468352 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zitera okuba ez’enjuyi satu okwefananyirizaako [[:en:Samosa|sumbuusa]], naye nga zitera okubeera nga zaakula mungeri neetoloovu oba ng'egi.<ref name="recipes">{{Cite web |last=Kende |first=Eva |title=Recipes (Mandazi) |url=http://www.ceauthors.com/recipes.htm#mandazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221175540/http://www.ceauthors.com/recipes.htm#mandazi |archive-date=21 December 2009 |access-date=13 November 2009 |publisher=Canadian eAuthors}}</ref> Bwebifumbibwa, bibeera birina engeri gyebigindamu. == Engeri gyebabitegekamu == [[File:Mandazi_Production.JPG|left|thumb|Mandazi nga gasikibwa]] Mandazi gakolebwa nga basiika engano mu [[:en:Cooking_oil|buto]] okutuusa ng'efuuse langi ey'efananyiriza zaabu owa kitaka. [[:en:Coconut_milk|Amata g'Ebinazi]].<ref name="Maandazi Ya Nazi">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2010 |title=Jinsi ya Kupika Maandazi ya Nazi |url=http://activechef.blogspot.com/2010/05/maandazi-ya-hiliki-na-tui-la-nazi.html |access-date=5 February 2014 |publisher=Active Chef Issa Kapande}}</ref> <ref name="Taste of Tanzania">{{Cite web |title=MaandaziRecipe |url=http://tasteoftanzania.com/blog/maandazi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226053307/http://tasteoftanzania.com/blog/maandazi |archive-date=26 December 2017 |access-date=5 February 2014 |publisher=Taste of Tanzania by Mariam Kinunda}}</ref> Bwe bagattako amata g'ebinazi, amandazi gatera okuyitibwa ''mahamri'' oba ''mamri''.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book |title=East Africa |url=http://www.enotes.com/food-encyclopedia/east-africa |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Cengage]] |editor-last=Solomon Katz |series=Encyclopedia of Food & Culture |volume=1 |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214002104/http://www.enotes.com/food-encyclopedia/east-africa |archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> [[:en:Peanut|Ebinyebwa by'omutaka]] [[:en:Almond|n'ensigo eziringa ebinazi]], n’ebirungo ebirala, nga biyinza okukozesebwa okwongeramu obuwoomi obw’enjawulo. Oluvannyuma lw'obubifumba, osobola okubirya nga bikyayokya oba n'obirinda nebiwola. Bitera okutegekebwa n'ebiriibwa mu bitundu bya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Africa Great Lakes]], nga bisobola okuliibwa nga ziwerekerwako emere endala nnyingi. Bitera okukolebwa ku makya oba ekiro ky'egulo limu, nebiriibwa ku ky'enkya, nezibugumizibwa ekawungeezi okuliibwa ku ky'egulo.<ref name="swahilirecipes"/> Amandazi era gatera okuliibwa ne [[:en:Tea|caayi]] oba omubisi ogwakakamulibwa okuva mu bibala, oba okubirya ng'obupwanchi pwanchi nga byo, Ebirungo eby'enjawulo, ebirimu ebibala, bisobola okukozesebwa okwongeramu obuwoomi obw’enjawulo. <ref name="kitoweo">{{Cite web |title=Sample Menu |url=http://www.kitoweo.com/sample_menu-complete.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130072648/http://kitoweo.com/sample_menu-complete.html |archive-date=30 November 2010 |access-date=17 November 2009 |publisher=Kitoweo}}</ref> Amandazi era gasobola okuliibwa [[:en:Dessert|ng'enyongereza oluvannyuma lw'okulya emere]], nga gababibwa eweebwa ne [[:en:Powdered_sugar|ssukaali ow'obuwunga]] oba [[:en:Cinnamon_sugar|ssukaali wa cinnamon]]. <ref name="cookbook"/> == Laba ne == * [[:en:Beignet|Beinet]], bisigibwa ku by'okulya eby'efaananyiriza ebyo okuva mu New Orleans * [[:en:Ox-tongue_pastry|Ox-tongue pastry]], bisigibwa ku by'okulya y’Abachina efaananako bwetyo * [[:en:List_of_fried_dough_foods|Olukalala lw’emere ey’obuwunga esiikibwa]] * Donati * Emere y’Abaswayiri * Emere y’Omubuvanjuba bwa Afrika * Mahamri * Puff-Puff == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} 3us2fslvpmn5uqeuridwkfegbexvjho 0 12634 59015 58448 2026-07-05T09:08:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sylvia Bahireira Tumwekwase''', amanyiddwa nga '''Omushaho''', Munnayuganda munnabyabufuzi, mubaka mu Paalamenti era nnaansi omutendeke. Ye mubaka omukyala akikirira [[Kamwenge (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Kamwenge]] mu [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] ey'ekkuminemu. Era yali mmemba ku kakiiko ka Paalamenti akavunaanyizibwa ku by'obulamu mu Uganda okuva mu 2021 okutuuka mu 2022 n'akakiiko akakakasa Gavumenti akamanyiddwa nga "Government Assurances Committee".<ref>{{Cite web |last=murami |date=2022-01-17 |title=MPs probe existence of private pharmacies in Mulago Hospital |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5531/mps-probe-existence-private-pharmacies-mulago-hospital |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.parliament.go.ug |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=8. MEMBERSHIP OF THE HEALTH COMMITTEE (2021-2022) |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/sites/default/files/MEMBERSHIP%20OF%20THE%20HEALTH%20COMMITTEE%20%282021-2022%29.pdf |publisher=The Parliament of Uganda |location=Uganda |pages=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=The Daily |date=2022-01-17 |title=MPs probe existence of private pharmacies in Mulago hospital |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2022/01/17/mps-probe-existence-of-private-pharmacies-in-mulago-hospital/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Daily Express |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obuvo bwe n'okusoma kwe == Bahireira yazaalibwa mu [[Kamwenge (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Kamwenge]] mu Buggwanjuba bwa Uganda mu Bukama bwa Tooro.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Flash Uganda |last2=Uganda |first2=Flash |date=2023-07-25 |title=Bahireira Tumwekwase Sylvia: Biography, Early Life, Family, Education, Career and Achievements. |url=https://flashugnews.com/bahireira-tumwekwase-sylvia-biography-family-education-career-and-achievements/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Flash Uganda Media |language=English}}</ref> Bahireira yatikkirwa diguli esooka mu by'obujjanjabi okuva ku Clarke International University (CIU) mu 2012.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Alumni Turned MP |url=https://issuu.com/nanyongaclarke/docs/mag_final/s/12869069 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=issuu |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406182150/https://issuu.com/nanyongaclarke/docs/mag_final/s/12869069 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yatikkirwa diguli ey'okubiri mu by'obujjanjabi okuva ku [[Uganda Martyrs University|Uganda Martrys University]] Nkozi.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" /> == Emirimu gye n'obumanyirivu == Bahireira yaweerezaako nga akulira eby'obujjanjabi n'abazaalisa ku ddwaaliro e Rukungyu mu [[Kamwenge (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Kamwenge]].<ref name=":2" /> Yaweerezaako ng'akulira ebyobulamu mu [[Kamwenge (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Kamwenge]].<ref name=":02" /> Oluvannyuma Bahireira yalekulira emirimu gya gavumenti neeyegatta ku ekitongole kya Bubirigi ekya Belgian developing agency nga bw'akwasaganya n'ebirubirirwa bye mu byobufuzi. Mu 2020, yavuganya ng’omukwasi wa bendera y'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement (NRM)]] kyokka n’awangulwa Azairwe Dorothy Kabaraitsya.<ref name=":02" /> Mu 2021, Bahireira yesimbawo ku kifo ky'omubaka omukyala akiikirira [[Kamwenge (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Kamwenge]] ng’avuganya ku bwa nnamunigina mwe yafunira obululu 38,309 era nga yawangula Azairwe Dorothy Kabaraitsya gwe yali avuganya naye nga yafuna obululu 36,601.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2021 |title=The Electoral Commission Report on The 2020/2021 General Election |url=https://www.ec.or.ug/sites/default/files/docs/EC%20REPORT%202020_2021.pdf |publisher=The Electoral Commission |location=Uganda |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahireira Tumwekwase Sylvia - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/bahireira-tumwekwase-sylvia-10350/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> Bahireira yaweereza ku kakiiko ka Paalamenti akavunaanyizibwa ku by’obulamu mu 2021 okutuuka mu 2022.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |year=2022 |title=REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HEALTH ON THE PUBLIC HEALTH (AMENDMENTI BILL, 2O2I |url=https://bills.parliament.ug/attachments/HEA3-22-Report%20on%20the%20Public%20Health%20(Amendment)%20Bill,%202021.pdf |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]] |location=Uganda |publication-date=2022 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> Era ne ku kakiiko akavunaanyizibwa ku kukakasa Gavumenti n’okussa mu nkola. == Soma ne bino == * [[Susan Nakawuki]] * [[Lillian Bagala]] * [[Akumu Catherine Mavenjina]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ababaka abakyala mu Paalamenti ya Uganda]] [[Category:Ba mmemba ba Paalamenti ya Uganda]] p4vzfvnimipf2c2kztnvycidsr8r7m4 0 12731 59011 52017 2026-07-05T05:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maphoka Motoboli''' munnabyabufuzi mu [[Lesotho|ggwanga lya Lesotho]]. Motoboli mmemba [[National Assembly of Lesotho|w'olukiiko lw'eggwanga olukulu olwa Lesotho]],<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Members – The National Assembly of Lesotho |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/members/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |publisher=Nationalassembly.parliament.ls |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206213017/https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/members/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hon. Maphoka Motoboli |date= |title=Hon. Maphoka Motoboli – The National Assembly of Lesotho |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/team/hon-maphoka-motoboli/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |publisher=Nationalassembly.parliament.ls |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206202757/https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/team/hon-maphoka-motoboli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> olukiiko olwa wansi mu [[Parliament of Lesotho|Palamenti ya Lesotho]].  Motoboli yali Minisita omubeezi ow’ebyenjigiriza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-19 |title=Deputy Minister of Education Maphoka Motoboli and Chinese Ambassador Sun Xianghua being presented with blankets (2) |url=https://sundayexpress.co.ls/education-ministry-hails-chinese-support/dep-min-of-education-maphoka-motoboli-and-chinese-ambassador-sun-xianghua-being-presented-with-blankets-2/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |publisher=Sunday Express}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Politics of Lesotho|Ebyobufuzi mu Lesotho]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} bk1nyanzcmi3dmnreqazjch1fb0uoxj 0 13123 58731 58730 2026-07-04T12:08:05Z Kinenkey 10423 Nterezeeza "Omulimu gw’okuyimba" 58731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Alexander Bagonza</big>''', amanyiddwa nnyo n'erinnya lye erya siteegi '''A Pass''' (era eyali '''APassKiller''' ),Munnayuganda, muyimbi era muwandiisi wa nnyimba. Yazaalibwa e [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989.<ref name="chano8.com">{{cite web |title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass |url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402025154/http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Pass egamba nti erinnya lye erya siteegi liva ku Alexander erinnya lye erisooka era Pass okuva eri Picky erinya epatike Percy.<ref>{{cite web |author=satisfashionug |title=A Pass talks music fashion women and being cool |url=http://www.satisfashionug.com/a-pass-talks-music-fashion-women-and-being-cool/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=SatisFashion Uganda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Llolypop Records - Events Organisers, Promoters and Marketing |url=http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140550/http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |publisher= |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n’okusoma kwe == A Pass yazaalibwa mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989 era mwana wa kubiri mu maka g’abantu musanvu. Yasomera ku Kampala Kindergarten okusoma nasale ye, Nakasero Primary School mu pulayimale ye, Merryland High Schools, ne St Lawrence, Cream land okugenda mu siniya.<ref name="chano8.com"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet A Pass' dad that has supported him in the music industry |url=http://bigeye.ug/photo-meet-a-pass-dad-that-has-supported-him-in-the-music-industry/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Bigeye.ug}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’okuyimba == A Pass yatandika okuyimba ng’omuntu yenna agenda mu kkanisa owa bulijjo kyokka ekitone kye yakikulaakulanya nnyo ku ssomero. Oluvannyuma yagenda mu situdiyo mu mwaka gwa 2003 mu situdiyo ye eyasooka teyasobola oluyimba wabula yasobola okufuna ebivuga byokka. Oluvannyuma A Pass yakomawo mu situdiyo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mitono bwe yasisinkana mukwano gwe ayitibwa Eddy eyamukubiriza okwongera okuyimba mu ngeri ey’ekikugu. A Pass yakola enkolagana ey’amaanyi mu by’okuyimba ne Dave Dash mu kiseera ekyo eyali amanyikiddwa nga A Dash era bombi baakola ennyimba ezenjawulo nga bali bombi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Apass {{!}} West Nile xpozed |url=https://www.westnilebiz.com/artist/10/apass |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=westnilexpozed.com}}</ref> Mu 2011, yasisinkana dayirekita wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] eyalaba ekitone kye mu bugwanjuba Syde mu situdiyo jebayimbira. Bashir yatandika okumutwala mu situdiyo ez’enjawulo okwetoloola eggwanga n’okumwanjula mu bantu ab’enjawulo ab’amaanyi mu kisaawe ky’okuyimba. Mu mwaka gwa 2012, BADI yazimba situdiyo y’okukwata ennyimba e Makindye eyitibwa Badi Musik Production. BADI yagenda mu maaso n’okwata vidiyo za A Pass mu 2013, ekyayongera amanyi mukutumbula ekitone kye. Mu kiseera kino A Pass eriko omukono era eddukanyizibwa kkampuni ya LLolypop Entertainment.<ref name=":0"/> A Pass akoze na bafulumya omuziki abawerako mu mutindo gwa Reggae ne Dancehall omuli Alex okuva e Jamaica (A.I.P), Black Spyda okuva e Jamaica, Nessim (Badi Musik), Baru (DustVille), Timo (Badi Musik), Just Jose (Swangz Avenue), [[:lg:Benon_Mugumbya|Benon Mugumbya]], (Swangz Avenue), Nash ( [[:lg:Swangz_Avenue|Swangz Avenue]] ), N'omugenzi Mac Elvis (South Syde), . Keyner (K Records), Samurae (Talent 256), Don (DustVille) n’abalala abawerako. A Pass egamba nti afuna okusikirizibwa okuva ku muziki omuli dancehall, reggae, Rnb, hip hop ne afro pop okuva mu bayimbi nga [[:lg:Michael_Jackson|Michael Jackson]], [[:lg:Lucky_Dube|Lucky Dube]], [[:lg:UB40|UB40]] n’abalala bangi. A Pass ekoze n’abayimbi ab’enjawulo omuli, [[:lg:A.Y._(musician)|A.Y. (omuyimbi)]], [[:lg:Radio_&_Weasel|Goodlyfe]] okuva mu Uganda ne [[:lg:Cinderella_Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] n’abalala bangi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Pass to release new video featuring AY and AirporTaxi soon |url=http://bigeye.ug/pass-release-new-video-featuring-ay-airportaxi-soon/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Bigeye.ug}}</ref> A Pass awandikidde [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]] enyimba<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer A Pass Pockets Shs2M For Bebe Cool's New Hit |url=http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Xclusive.co.ug |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130501/http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> era yawandiise wamu ne Michael Ross oluyimba ‘Love I Feel’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micheal Ross Opens Up About 'Love I Feel' - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel//\ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404100615/http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> Gye buvuddeko yafulumya oluyimba lwa ''Wuuyo'' oluyimba olutongole olwa firimu y'ekina Uganda [[:lg:Bala_Bala_Sese|Bala Bala Sese]] eyakolebwa [[:lg:Usama_Mukwaya|Usama Mukwaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A pass' Wuuyo Soundtrack For The Bala Bala Sese Movie - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164935/http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> A Pass amanyiddwa nnyo nga okukola ne mukwano gwe ne producer Nessim era ne producer wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] wansi w’ekitongole ekikuba ennyimba ekya Badi Musik. === Ekivvulu kya Maiden === Ogwolubereberye 31, 2025, A Pass yategeka ekivvulu kye ekyasooka nga ye yekka, (A Pass Live in Concert, 2025) ku [[wooteeri ya Kampala Serena]]. Omukolo guno gwaliko ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi era nga gwetaba abayimbi banne. Okuteekateeka kwatandika ku nkomerero ya 2024, nga okwegezaamu kwalimu live bbandi. == Ennyimba ze == === Alubaamu z'ennyimbaOgw'oluberyeb === * Nva Kampala (2016) Omuntu w'abantu. * [[A Pass|Africa Yayo]] (2018) * Bagonza (2024) * [https://music.apple.com/ug/album/a-pass/1785177179 Apass] (2025) == Singles == Ezimu ku nnyimba za A Pass ezisinga okwettanirwa mulimu zino wammanga: * Didadada * Love Infection * Am loving * Am lovin Remix * Tulikubigere * KLA * Mumpulila * So loud * Burn OP * Nyenya Omugongo * Run Bou Ya * One Of A Kind * Bartender * Tetubatya * Wuuyo * Muliwa (we deyah) * So High * Wyne on Time * Yuh Don Know Mi * Take Time Off * Abantu * Sida Mukyalo == Collaborations (Enkolagana) == === Ze yayimba n'abayimbi abalala === * ''Nah normal'' ne [[Abayimbiramu kibiina kye bayita 'Goodlyfe'|Radio & Weasel]] * ''Am Loving'' ne Don Mc ne [[Cindy Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] * ''Flair'' yange ne Patrobas * ''Amatu Maggale'' ne Tasha Batabazi * ''AIP Cyber'' nga erina AIP * ''Twala Obudde bw'okuwummula'' ne The Mith * ''Omukozi w'obuzibu'' ne Ekky * ''Ebijjukizo'' ne [[:lg:Lillian_Mbabazi|Lillian Mbabazi]] * ''GAMULULU REMIX Ft [[:lg:Konshens|Konshens]]''<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=April 11, 2016|title=Facts & Review Of Gamululu Remix Video By A Pass And Konshens|pages=1|work=RedPepper|url=https://redpepper.co.ug/facts-review-of-gamululu-remix-video-by-a-pass-and-konshens/64159/|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> Omusajja Omulala Omulala. * Face Me ne [[:lg:Azawi|Azawi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Josh|first=Ruby|date=October 10, 2021|title=Impressive! Azawi’s ‘African Music’ album already taking huge strides|pages=1|work=Mbu|url=https://mbu.ug/2021/10/10/impressive-azawis-african-music-album-already-taking-huge-strides/|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> == Obukuubagano == Wabaddewo obutakkaanya obutaggwa wakati wa A Pass n'abayimbi abalala mu [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] . * Obutakanya ne [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Habre Muriisa |date=11 Aug 2017 |title=A Pass Speaks Out On Alleged Beef With Bebe Cool |url=http://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |accessdate=29 March 2019 |publisher=Chano8 Digital Magazine |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002810/https://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Olukalala lw'abayimbi abannayuganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa w'abweru wa wikipedia == 7xbwbw5wis0eneqxwb7o074m3nqd6zl 58732 58731 2026-07-04T12:12:58Z Kinenkey 10423 enterezeeza Ebijuliziddwa 58732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Alexander Bagonza</big>''', amanyiddwa nnyo n'erinnya lye erya siteegi '''A Pass''' (era eyali '''APassKiller''' ),Munnayuganda, muyimbi era muwandiisi wa nnyimba. Yazaalibwa e [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989.<ref name="chano8.com2">{{cite web|url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass|work=Chano8 Digital Magazine|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> A Pass egamba nti erinnya lye erya siteegi liva ku Alexander erinnya lye erisooka era Pass okuva eri Picky erinya epatike Percy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satisfashionug.com/a-pass-talks-music-fashion-women-and-being-cool/|title=A Pass talks music fashion women and being cool|author=satisfashionug|work=SatisFashion Uganda|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|title=Llolypop Records - Events Organisers, Promoters and Marketing|publisher=|accessdate=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140550/http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n’okusoma kwe == A Pass yazaalibwa mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989 era mwana wa kubiri mu maka g’abantu musanvu. Yasomera ku Kampala Kindergarten okusoma nasale ye, Nakasero Primary School mu pulayimale ye, Merryland High Schools, ne St Lawrence, Cream land okugenda mu siniya.<ref name="chano8.com">{{cite web|url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass|work=Chano8 Digital Magazine|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’okuyimba == A Pass yatandika okuyimba ng’omuntu yenna agenda mu kkanisa owa bulijjo kyokka ekitone kye yakikulaakulanya nnyo ku ssomero. Oluvannyuma yagenda mu situdiyo mu mwaka gwa 2003 mu situdiyo ye eyasooka teyasobola oluyimba wabula yasobola okufuna ebivuga byokka. Oluvannyuma A Pass yakomawo mu situdiyo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mitono bwe yasisinkana mukwano gwe ayitibwa Eddy eyamukubiriza okwongera okuyimba mu ngeri ey’ekikugu. A Pass yakola enkolagana ey’amaanyi mu by’okuyimba ne Dave Dash mu kiseera ekyo eyali amanyikiddwa nga A Dash era bombi baakola ennyimba ezenjawulo nga bali bombi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Apass {{!}} West Nile xpozed |url=https://www.westnilebiz.com/artist/10/apass |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=westnilexpozed.com}}</ref> Mu 2011, yasisinkana dayirekita wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] eyalaba ekitone kye mu bugwanjuba Syde mu situdiyo jebayimbira. Bashir yatandika okumutwala mu situdiyo ez’enjawulo okwetoloola eggwanga n’okumwanjula mu bantu ab’enjawulo ab’amaanyi mu kisaawe ky’okuyimba. Mu mwaka gwa 2012, BADI yazimba situdiyo y’okukwata ennyimba e Makindye eyitibwa Badi Musik Production. BADI yagenda mu maaso n’okwata vidiyo za A Pass mu 2013, ekyayongera amanyi mukutumbula ekitone kye. Mu kiseera kino A Pass eriko omukono era eddukanyizibwa kkampuni ya LLolypop Entertainment.<ref name=":0"/> A Pass akoze na bafulumya omuziki abawerako mu mutindo gwa Reggae ne Dancehall omuli Alex okuva e Jamaica (A.I.P), Black Spyda okuva e Jamaica, Nessim (Badi Musik), Baru (DustVille), Timo (Badi Musik), Just Jose (Swangz Avenue), [[:lg:Benon_Mugumbya|Benon Mugumbya]], (Swangz Avenue), Nash ( [[:lg:Swangz_Avenue|Swangz Avenue]] ), N'omugenzi Mac Elvis (South Syde), . Keyner (K Records), Samurae (Talent 256), Don (DustVille) n’abalala abawerako. A Pass egamba nti afuna okusikirizibwa okuva ku muziki omuli dancehall, reggae, Rnb, hip hop ne afro pop okuva mu bayimbi nga [[:lg:Michael_Jackson|Michael Jackson]], [[:lg:Lucky_Dube|Lucky Dube]], [[:lg:UB40|UB40]] n’abalala bangi. A Pass ekoze n’abayimbi ab’enjawulo omuli, [[:lg:A.Y._(musician)|A.Y. (omuyimbi)]], [[:lg:Radio_&_Weasel|Goodlyfe]] okuva mu Uganda ne [[:lg:Cinderella_Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] n’abalala bangi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Pass to release new video featuring AY and AirporTaxi soon |url=http://bigeye.ug/pass-release-new-video-featuring-ay-airportaxi-soon/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Bigeye.ug}}</ref> A Pass awandikidde [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]] enyimba<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer A Pass Pockets Shs2M For Bebe Cool's New Hit |url=http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Xclusive.co.ug |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130501/http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> era yawandiise wamu ne Michael Ross oluyimba ‘Love I Feel’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micheal Ross Opens Up About 'Love I Feel' - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel//\ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404100615/http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> Gye buvuddeko yafulumya oluyimba lwa ''Wuuyo'' oluyimba olutongole olwa firimu y'ekina Uganda [[:lg:Bala_Bala_Sese|Bala Bala Sese]] eyakolebwa [[:lg:Usama_Mukwaya|Usama Mukwaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A pass' Wuuyo Soundtrack For The Bala Bala Sese Movie - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164935/http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> A Pass amanyiddwa nnyo nga okukola ne mukwano gwe ne producer Nessim era ne producer wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] wansi w’ekitongole ekikuba ennyimba ekya Badi Musik. === Ekivvulu kya Maiden === Ogwolubereberye 31, 2025, A Pass yategeka ekivvulu kye ekyasooka nga ye yekka, (A Pass Live in Concert, 2025) ku [[wooteeri ya Kampala Serena]]. Omukolo guno gwaliko ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi era nga gwetaba abayimbi banne. Okuteekateeka kwatandika ku nkomerero ya 2024, nga okwegezaamu kwalimu live bbandi. == Ennyimba ze == === Alubaamu z'ennyimbaOgw'oluberyeb === * Nva Kampala (2016) Omuntu w'abantu. * [[A Pass|Africa Yayo]] (2018) * Bagonza (2024) * [https://music.apple.com/ug/album/a-pass/1785177179 Apass] (2025) == Singles == Ezimu ku nnyimba za A Pass ezisinga okwettanirwa mulimu zino wammanga: * Didadada * Love Infection * Am loving * Am lovin Remix * Tulikubigere * KLA * Mumpulila * So loud * Burn OP * Nyenya Omugongo * Run Bou Ya * One Of A Kind * Bartender * Tetubatya * Wuuyo * Muliwa (we deyah) * So High * Wyne on Time * Yuh Don Know Mi * Take Time Off * Abantu * Sida Mukyalo == Collaborations (Enkolagana) == === Ze yayimba n'abayimbi abalala === * ''Nah normal'' ne [[Abayimbiramu kibiina kye bayita 'Goodlyfe'|Radio & Weasel]] * ''Am Loving'' ne Don Mc ne [[Cindy Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] * ''Flair'' yange ne Patrobas * ''Amatu Maggale'' ne Tasha Batabazi * ''AIP Cyber'' nga erina AIP * ''Twala Obudde bw'okuwummula'' ne The Mith * ''Omukozi w'obuzibu'' ne Ekky * ''Ebijjukizo'' ne [[:lg:Lillian_Mbabazi|Lillian Mbabazi]] * ''GAMULULU REMIX Ft [[:lg:Konshens|Konshens]]''<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=April 11, 2016|title=Facts & Review Of Gamululu Remix Video By A Pass And Konshens|pages=1|work=RedPepper|url=https://redpepper.co.ug/facts-review-of-gamululu-remix-video-by-a-pass-and-konshens/64159/|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> Omusajja Omulala Omulala. * Face Me ne [[:lg:Azawi|Azawi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Josh|first=Ruby|date=October 10, 2021|title=Impressive! Azawi’s ‘African Music’ album already taking huge strides|pages=1|work=Mbu|url=https://mbu.ug/2021/10/10/impressive-azawis-african-music-album-already-taking-huge-strides/|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> == Obukuubagano == Wabaddewo obutakkaanya obutaggwa wakati wa A Pass n'abayimbi abalala mu [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] . * Obutakanya ne [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Habre Muriisa |date=11 Aug 2017 |title=A Pass Speaks Out On Alleged Beef With Bebe Cool |url=http://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |accessdate=29 March 2019 |publisher=Chano8 Digital Magazine |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002810/https://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Olukalala lw'abayimbi abannayuganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa w'abweru wa wikipedia == hwkj28flrmdws7ghuy92qd32ri2tv0p 58733 58732 2026-07-04T12:23:25Z Kinenkey 10423 Nyongeddemu Amatuluba 58733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[category:1989 okuzaalibwa]] [[category:Abantu abalamu]] [[category:Abayimbi abasajja ba Uganda mu kyasa 21]] {{Databox}}  '''<big>Alexander Bagonza</big>''', amanyiddwa nnyo n'erinnya lye erya siteegi '''A Pass''' (era eyali '''APassKiller''' ),Munnayuganda, muyimbi era muwandiisi wa nnyimba. Yazaalibwa e [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989.<ref name="chano8.com2">{{cite web|url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass|work=Chano8 Digital Magazine|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> A Pass egamba nti erinnya lye erya siteegi liva ku Alexander erinnya lye erisooka era Pass okuva eri Picky erinya epatike Percy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satisfashionug.com/a-pass-talks-music-fashion-women-and-being-cool/|title=A Pass talks music fashion women and being cool|author=satisfashionug|work=SatisFashion Uganda|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|title=Llolypop Records - Events Organisers, Promoters and Marketing|publisher=|accessdate=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140550/http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n’okusoma kwe == A Pass yazaalibwa mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989 era mwana wa kubiri mu maka g’abantu musanvu. Yasomera ku Kampala Kindergarten okusoma nasale ye, Nakasero Primary School mu pulayimale ye, Merryland High Schools, ne St Lawrence, Cream land okugenda mu siniya.<ref name="chano8.com">{{cite web|url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass|work=Chano8 Digital Magazine|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’okuyimba == A Pass yatandika okuyimba ng’omuntu yenna agenda mu kkanisa owa bulijjo kyokka ekitone kye yakikulaakulanya nnyo ku ssomero. Oluvannyuma yagenda mu situdiyo mu mwaka gwa 2003 mu situdiyo ye eyasooka teyasobola oluyimba wabula yasobola okufuna ebivuga byokka. Oluvannyuma A Pass yakomawo mu situdiyo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mitono bwe yasisinkana mukwano gwe ayitibwa Eddy eyamukubiriza okwongera okuyimba mu ngeri ey’ekikugu. A Pass yakola enkolagana ey’amaanyi mu by’okuyimba ne Dave Dash mu kiseera ekyo eyali amanyikiddwa nga A Dash era bombi baakola ennyimba ezenjawulo nga bali bombi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Apass {{!}} West Nile xpozed |url=https://www.westnilebiz.com/artist/10/apass |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=westnilexpozed.com}}</ref> Mu 2011, yasisinkana dayirekita wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] eyalaba ekitone kye mu bugwanjuba Syde mu situdiyo jebayimbira. Bashir yatandika okumutwala mu situdiyo ez’enjawulo okwetoloola eggwanga n’okumwanjula mu bantu ab’enjawulo ab’amaanyi mu kisaawe ky’okuyimba. Mu mwaka gwa 2012, BADI yazimba situdiyo y’okukwata ennyimba e Makindye eyitibwa Badi Musik Production. BADI yagenda mu maaso n’okwata vidiyo za A Pass mu 2013, ekyayongera amanyi mukutumbula ekitone kye. Mu kiseera kino A Pass eriko omukono era eddukanyizibwa kkampuni ya LLolypop Entertainment.<ref name=":0"/> A Pass akoze na bafulumya omuziki abawerako mu mutindo gwa Reggae ne Dancehall omuli Alex okuva e Jamaica (A.I.P), Black Spyda okuva e Jamaica, Nessim (Badi Musik), Baru (DustVille), Timo (Badi Musik), Just Jose (Swangz Avenue), [[:lg:Benon_Mugumbya|Benon Mugumbya]], (Swangz Avenue), Nash ( [[:lg:Swangz_Avenue|Swangz Avenue]] ), N'omugenzi Mac Elvis (South Syde), . Keyner (K Records), Samurae (Talent 256), Don (DustVille) n’abalala abawerako. A Pass egamba nti afuna okusikirizibwa okuva ku muziki omuli dancehall, reggae, Rnb, hip hop ne afro pop okuva mu bayimbi nga [[:lg:Michael_Jackson|Michael Jackson]], [[:lg:Lucky_Dube|Lucky Dube]], [[:lg:UB40|UB40]] n’abalala bangi. A Pass ekoze n’abayimbi ab’enjawulo omuli, [[:lg:A.Y._(musician)|A.Y. (omuyimbi)]], [[:lg:Radio_&_Weasel|Goodlyfe]] okuva mu Uganda ne [[:lg:Cinderella_Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] n’abalala bangi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Pass to release new video featuring AY and AirporTaxi soon |url=http://bigeye.ug/pass-release-new-video-featuring-ay-airportaxi-soon/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Bigeye.ug}}</ref> A Pass awandikidde [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]] enyimba<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer A Pass Pockets Shs2M For Bebe Cool's New Hit |url=http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Xclusive.co.ug |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130501/http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> era yawandiise wamu ne Michael Ross oluyimba ‘Love I Feel’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micheal Ross Opens Up About 'Love I Feel' - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel//\ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404100615/http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> Gye buvuddeko yafulumya oluyimba lwa ''Wuuyo'' oluyimba olutongole olwa firimu y'ekina Uganda [[:lg:Bala_Bala_Sese|Bala Bala Sese]] eyakolebwa [[:lg:Usama_Mukwaya|Usama Mukwaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A pass' Wuuyo Soundtrack For The Bala Bala Sese Movie - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164935/http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> A Pass amanyiddwa nnyo nga okukola ne mukwano gwe ne producer Nessim era ne producer wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] wansi w’ekitongole ekikuba ennyimba ekya Badi Musik. === Ekivvulu kya Maiden === Ogwolubereberye 31, 2025, A Pass yategeka ekivvulu kye ekyasooka nga ye yekka, (A Pass Live in Concert, 2025) ku [[wooteeri ya Kampala Serena]]. Omukolo guno gwaliko ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi era nga gwetaba abayimbi banne. Okuteekateeka kwatandika ku nkomerero ya 2024, nga okwegezaamu kwalimu live bbandi. == Ennyimba ze == === Alubaamu z'ennyimbaOgw'oluberyeb === * Nva Kampala (2016) Omuntu w'abantu. * [[A Pass|Africa Yayo]] (2018) * Bagonza (2024) * [https://music.apple.com/ug/album/a-pass/1785177179 Apass] (2025) == Singles == Ezimu ku nnyimba za A Pass ezisinga okwettanirwa mulimu zino wammanga: * Didadada * Love Infection * Am loving * Am lovin Remix * Tulikubigere * KLA * Mumpulila * So loud * Burn OP * Nyenya Omugongo * Run Bou Ya * One Of A Kind * Bartender * Tetubatya * Wuuyo * Muliwa (we deyah) * So High * Wyne on Time * Yuh Don Know Mi * Take Time Off * Abantu * Sida Mukyalo == Collaborations (Enkolagana) == === Ze yayimba n'abayimbi abalala === * ''Nah normal'' ne [[Abayimbiramu kibiina kye bayita 'Goodlyfe'|Radio & Weasel]] * ''Am Loving'' ne Don Mc ne [[Cindy Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] * ''Flair'' yange ne Patrobas * ''Amatu Maggale'' ne Tasha Batabazi * ''AIP Cyber'' nga erina AIP * ''Twala Obudde bw'okuwummula'' ne The Mith * ''Omukozi w'obuzibu'' ne Ekky * ''Ebijjukizo'' ne [[:lg:Lillian_Mbabazi|Lillian Mbabazi]] * ''GAMULULU REMIX Ft [[:lg:Konshens|Konshens]]''<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=April 11, 2016|title=Facts & Review Of Gamululu Remix Video By A Pass And Konshens|pages=1|work=RedPepper|url=https://redpepper.co.ug/facts-review-of-gamululu-remix-video-by-a-pass-and-konshens/64159/|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> Omusajja Omulala Omulala. * Face Me ne [[:lg:Azawi|Azawi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Josh|first=Ruby|date=October 10, 2021|title=Impressive! Azawi’s ‘African Music’ album already taking huge strides|pages=1|work=Mbu|url=https://mbu.ug/2021/10/10/impressive-azawis-african-music-album-already-taking-huge-strides/|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> == Obukuubagano == Wabaddewo obutakkaanya obutaggwa wakati wa A Pass n'abayimbi abalala mu [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] . * Obutakanya ne [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Habre Muriisa |date=11 Aug 2017 |title=A Pass Speaks Out On Alleged Beef With Bebe Cool |url=http://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |accessdate=29 March 2019 |publisher=Chano8 Digital Magazine |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002810/https://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Olukalala lw'abayimbi abannayuganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa w'abweru wa wikipedia == hx81ulibyqry20x2lrqvb2rt63uv8q5 58954 58733 2026-07-04T22:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[category:1989 okuzaalibwa]] [[category:Abantu abalamu]] [[category:Abayimbi abasajja ba Uganda mu kyasa 21]] {{Databox}}  '''<big>Alexander Bagonza</big>''', amanyiddwa nnyo n'erinnya lye erya siteegi '''A Pass''' (era eyali '''APassKiller''' ),Munnayuganda, muyimbi era muwandiisi wa nnyimba. Yazaalibwa e [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989.<ref name="chano8.com2">{{cite web|url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass|work=Chano8 Digital Magazine|accessdate=26 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402025154/http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Pass egamba nti erinnya lye erya siteegi liva ku Alexander erinnya lye erisooka era Pass okuva eri Picky erinya epatike Percy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satisfashionug.com/a-pass-talks-music-fashion-women-and-being-cool/|title=A Pass talks music fashion women and being cool|author=satisfashionug|work=SatisFashion Uganda|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|title=Llolypop Records - Events Organisers, Promoters and Marketing|publisher=|accessdate=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140550/http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n’okusoma kwe == A Pass yazaalibwa mu Gwekkumineebiri 21, 1989 era mwana wa kubiri mu maka g’abantu musanvu. Yasomera ku Kampala Kindergarten okusoma nasale ye, Nakasero Primary School mu pulayimale ye, Merryland High Schools, ne St Lawrence, Cream land okugenda mu siniya.<ref name="chano8.com">{{cite web|url=http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|title=All You Need To Know About Rising Star A Pass|work=Chano8 Digital Magazine|accessdate=26 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402025154/http://chano8.com/need-know-rising-star-pass/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’okuyimba == A Pass yatandika okuyimba ng’omuntu yenna agenda mu kkanisa owa bulijjo kyokka ekitone kye yakikulaakulanya nnyo ku ssomero. Oluvannyuma yagenda mu situdiyo mu mwaka gwa 2003 mu situdiyo ye eyasooka teyasobola oluyimba wabula yasobola okufuna ebivuga byokka. Oluvannyuma A Pass yakomawo mu situdiyo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mitono bwe yasisinkana mukwano gwe ayitibwa Eddy eyamukubiriza okwongera okuyimba mu ngeri ey’ekikugu. A Pass yakola enkolagana ey’amaanyi mu by’okuyimba ne Dave Dash mu kiseera ekyo eyali amanyikiddwa nga A Dash era bombi baakola ennyimba ezenjawulo nga bali bombi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Apass {{!}} West Nile xpozed |url=https://www.westnilebiz.com/artist/10/apass |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=westnilexpozed.com}}</ref> Mu 2011, yasisinkana dayirekita wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] eyalaba ekitone kye mu bugwanjuba Syde mu situdiyo jebayimbira. Bashir yatandika okumutwala mu situdiyo ez’enjawulo okwetoloola eggwanga n’okumwanjula mu bantu ab’enjawulo ab’amaanyi mu kisaawe ky’okuyimba. Mu mwaka gwa 2012, BADI yazimba situdiyo y’okukwata ennyimba e Makindye eyitibwa Badi Musik Production. BADI yagenda mu maaso n’okwata vidiyo za A Pass mu 2013, ekyayongera amanyi mukutumbula ekitone kye. Mu kiseera kino A Pass eriko omukono era eddukanyizibwa kkampuni ya LLolypop Entertainment.<ref name=":0"/> A Pass akoze na bafulumya omuziki abawerako mu mutindo gwa Reggae ne Dancehall omuli Alex okuva e Jamaica (A.I.P), Black Spyda okuva e Jamaica, Nessim (Badi Musik), Baru (DustVille), Timo (Badi Musik), Just Jose (Swangz Avenue), [[:lg:Benon_Mugumbya|Benon Mugumbya]], (Swangz Avenue), Nash ( [[:lg:Swangz_Avenue|Swangz Avenue]] ), N'omugenzi Mac Elvis (South Syde), . Keyner (K Records), Samurae (Talent 256), Don (DustVille) n’abalala abawerako. A Pass egamba nti afuna okusikirizibwa okuva ku muziki omuli dancehall, reggae, Rnb, hip hop ne afro pop okuva mu bayimbi nga [[:lg:Michael_Jackson|Michael Jackson]], [[:lg:Lucky_Dube|Lucky Dube]], [[:lg:UB40|UB40]] n’abalala bangi. A Pass ekoze n’abayimbi ab’enjawulo omuli, [[:lg:A.Y._(musician)|A.Y. (omuyimbi)]], [[:lg:Radio_&_Weasel|Goodlyfe]] okuva mu Uganda ne [[:lg:Cinderella_Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] n’abalala bangi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Pass to release new video featuring AY and AirporTaxi soon |url=http://bigeye.ug/pass-release-new-video-featuring-ay-airportaxi-soon/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Bigeye.ug}}</ref> A Pass awandikidde [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]] enyimba<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer A Pass Pockets Shs2M For Bebe Cool's New Hit |url=http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Xclusive.co.ug |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130501/http://xclusive.co.ug/2014/12/04/singer-pass-pockets-shs2m-bebe-cools-hit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> era yawandiise wamu ne Michael Ross oluyimba ‘Love I Feel’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micheal Ross Opens Up About 'Love I Feel' - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel//\ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404100615/http://chano8.com/micheal-ross-opens-love-feel/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> Gye buvuddeko yafulumya oluyimba lwa ''Wuuyo'' oluyimba olutongole olwa firimu y'ekina Uganda [[:lg:Bala_Bala_Sese|Bala Bala Sese]] eyakolebwa [[:lg:Usama_Mukwaya|Usama Mukwaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A pass' Wuuyo Soundtrack For The Bala Bala Sese Movie - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164935/http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |work=Chano8 Digital Magazine}}</ref> A Pass amanyiddwa nnyo nga okukola ne mukwano gwe ne producer Nessim era ne producer wa vidiyo [[:lg:Lukyamuzi_Bashir|Lukyamuzi Bashir]] wansi w’ekitongole ekikuba ennyimba ekya Badi Musik. === Ekivvulu kya Maiden === Ogwolubereberye 31, 2025, A Pass yategeka ekivvulu kye ekyasooka nga ye yekka, (A Pass Live in Concert, 2025) ku [[wooteeri ya Kampala Serena]]. Omukolo guno gwaliko ennyimba ze ez’amaanyi era nga gwetaba abayimbi banne. Okuteekateeka kwatandika ku nkomerero ya 2024, nga okwegezaamu kwalimu live bbandi. == Ennyimba ze == === Alubaamu z'ennyimbaOgw'oluberyeb === * Nva Kampala (2016) Omuntu w'abantu. * [[A Pass|Africa Yayo]] (2018) * Bagonza (2024) * [https://music.apple.com/ug/album/a-pass/1785177179 Apass] (2025) == Singles == Ezimu ku nnyimba za A Pass ezisinga okwettanirwa mulimu zino wammanga: * Didadada * Love Infection * Am loving * Am lovin Remix * Tulikubigere * KLA * Mumpulila * So loud * Burn OP * Nyenya Omugongo * Run Bou Ya * One Of A Kind * Bartender * Tetubatya * Wuuyo * Muliwa (we deyah) * So High * Wyne on Time * Yuh Don Know Mi * Take Time Off * Abantu * Sida Mukyalo == Collaborations (Enkolagana) == === Ze yayimba n'abayimbi abalala === * ''Nah normal'' ne [[Abayimbiramu kibiina kye bayita 'Goodlyfe'|Radio & Weasel]] * ''Am Loving'' ne Don Mc ne [[Cindy Sanyu|Cinderella Sanyu]] * ''Flair'' yange ne Patrobas * ''Amatu Maggale'' ne Tasha Batabazi * ''AIP Cyber'' nga erina AIP * ''Twala Obudde bw'okuwummula'' ne The Mith * ''Omukozi w'obuzibu'' ne Ekky * ''Ebijjukizo'' ne [[:lg:Lillian_Mbabazi|Lillian Mbabazi]] * ''GAMULULU REMIX Ft [[:lg:Konshens|Konshens]]''<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=April 11, 2016|title=Facts & Review Of Gamululu Remix Video By A Pass And Konshens|pages=1|work=RedPepper|url=https://redpepper.co.ug/facts-review-of-gamululu-remix-video-by-a-pass-and-konshens/64159/|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> Omusajja Omulala Omulala. * Face Me ne [[:lg:Azawi|Azawi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Josh|first=Ruby|date=October 10, 2021|title=Impressive! Azawi’s ‘African Music’ album already taking huge strides|pages=1|work=Mbu|url=https://mbu.ug/2021/10/10/impressive-azawis-african-music-album-already-taking-huge-strides/|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> == Obukuubagano == Wabaddewo obutakkaanya obutaggwa wakati wa A Pass n'abayimbi abalala mu [[:lg:Uganda|Uganda]] . * Obutakanya ne [[:lg:Bebe_Cool|Bebe Cool]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Habre Muriisa |date=11 Aug 2017 |title=A Pass Speaks Out On Alleged Beef With Bebe Cool |url=http://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |accessdate=29 March 2019 |publisher=Chano8 Digital Magazine |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002810/https://chano8.com/pass-speaks-alleged-beef-bebe-cool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Olukalala lw'abayimbi abannayuganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa w'abweru wa wikipedia == gn6yp6w9vx43ra4xdzah2820ndptt3w 0 13172 58955 58577 2026-07-04T22:08:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abbas Kaijuka''' [[Munnayuganda]] nga munnamisono, omukugu mu kukola emisono ne dizayini era omukung’aanya w’emisono amanyiddwa olwa brand ye eya ''Kai’s Divo.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Kaijuka Abbas, Every Kampala Celebrity’s Favourite Fashion Stylist |url=https://bigeye.ug/meet-kaijuka-abbas-every-kampala-celebritys-favourite-fashion-stylist/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=Big Eye}}</ref><ref>[https://satisfashionug.com/how-kaijuka-abbas-became-kampalas-most-sought-after-stylist/ "How Kaijuka Abbas Became Kampala's Most Sought After Stylist"]. Satisfashion. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128140812/https://www.matookerepublic.com/2016/12/05/check-out-ugandan-designer-kai-divos-collection-at-swahili-fashion-week/ "Check out Ugandan designer Kai Divo's collection at Swahili Fashion Week"]. Matooke Republic. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</ref> == Engule n'okusiimibwa == Ono yawangula engule y’omusajja asinga mu by'emisono mu Buvanjuba bw'Afirika mu mpaka za East Africa Fashion Awards eza 2020 ate n’afuna engule y’emisono gy’omwaka mu mpaka za Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards eza 2016 era yafuna okusunsulwa okw’enjawulo omuli n’engule eweebwa dizayina asinze mu Buvanjuba bw'Afirika mu 2017 eya Swahili Fashion Week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABBAS, KANSIIME, MCENSAL SCHOOL OF FASHION, SWAHILI FASHION WEEK EMERGE WINNERS AT EAST AFRICA FASHION AWARDS 2020 |url=https://hautefashionafrica.com/abbas-kansiime-mcensal-school-of-fashion-swahili-fashion-week-emerge-winners-at-east-africa-fashion-awards-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128135316/https://hautefashionafrica.com/abbas-kansiime-mcensal-school-of-fashion-swahili-fashion-week-emerge-winners-at-east-africa-fashion-awards-2020/ |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Haute Fashion Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawalha |first=Shamim |title=Abbas Kaijuka Reveals Success Behind his Fashion Line |url=https://chimpreports.com/abbas-kaijuka-reveals-success-behind-his-fashion-line/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Chimp Reports}}</ref><ref>[https://blizz.co.ug/1520/Remas-Designer--Abbas-Kaijuka-Wins-Designer-of-the-Year-Award-at-Mens-Fashion-Week-Nigeria "Rema's Designer Abbas Kaijuka Wins 'Designer of the Year Award' at Men's Fashion Week Nigeria"]. Blizz. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201908/features/the-uganda-international-fashion-week-as-it-happened.html "The Uganda International Fashion Week as it happened: Kaijuka Abbas from Uganda"]. Sqoop. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</ref> == Engule n’okusunsulwa == {| class="wikitable" width="" ! colspan="6" style="background: #FBFC8A;" |Engule n'okusunsulwa |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" !Omwaka !Engule !Etuluba !Ebyavaamu !Ref |- |2021 |African Fashion Designer Awards |Ekika ky'emisono ekisinga obulungi mu Afrika |Yawangula |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruby |first=Josh |date=2021-11-22 |title=Kaijuka Abbas wins big at African Fashion Designer Awards 2021 in Nigeria |url=https://mbu.ug/2021/11/22/kaijuka-abbas-wins-big-at-african-fashion-designer-awards-2021-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |East Africa Fashion Awards |Munnamisono omusajja asinga mu Buvanjuba bw'Afirika |Yawangula |<ref>[https://satisfashionug.com/abbas-kaijuka-stands-to-win-african-male-designer-in-this-years-designer-awards-africa/ "Abbas Kaijuka stands to win African male designer in this years designer awards Africa"]. Satisfashion. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</ref> <ref>Ruby, Josh. [https://mbu.ug/2019/12/01/ugandan-designer-kaijuka-abbas-wins-top-african-award-in-nigeria/ "Ugandan designer Kaijuka Abbas wins top African award in Nigeria"]. Mbu. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</ref> |- |Dizayina w'omwaka |Yasunsulwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards |Munnamisono asinze ow'omwaka |Yawangula | |- |The Man Awards Nigeria |Munnamisono asinze ow'omwaka mu Africa |Yawangula |<ref>[https://satisfashionug.com/its-official-abbas-kaijuka-is-the-designer-of-the-year/ "It's Official, Abbas Kaijuka Is The Designer Of The Year"]. Satisfashion. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards |Omuyiiya w'emisono ow'omwaka |Yasunsulwa | |- |Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards |Omuyiiya w'emisono ow'omwaka |Yasunsulwa | |- |The Man Awards, Nigeria |Dizayina w'omwaka mu Africa |Yasunsulwa | |- |Swahili Fashion week |Dizayina w'omwaka mu Buvanjuba bw'Afirika |Yasunsulwa | <ref>Batuta, Gloria. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171209150035/http://chano8.com/kaijuka-abbas-represents-ug-at-swahili-fashion-week/ "Kaijuka Abbas Represents UG At Swahili Fashion Week"]. Chano8. Archived from [https://chano8.com/kaijuka-abbas-represents-ug-at-swahili-fashion-week/ the original] on December 9, 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=See Every Look From Kai’s Divo Collection’s New Collection Presented at Swahili Fashion Week |url=https://satisfashionug.com/see-every-look-from-kais-divo-collections-new-collection-presented-at-swahili-fashion-week/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=Satisfashion Ug}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards |Omuyiiya w'emisono ow'omwaka |Yasunsulwa | |- |Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards |Omuyiiya w'emisono ow'omwaka |Yasunsulwa | |- |Swahili Fashion week |Omuyiiya w'emisono ow'omwaka mu Buvanjuba bw'Afirika |Yasunsulwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards |Omuyiiya w'emisono ow'omwaka |Yawangula | |- |Rising star Awards |Omuyiiya w'emisono gy'abasereebu ow'omwaka |Yawangula | |- |} == Laba ne == * Abryanz * [[Stella Atal]] * [[Fatumah Asha]] * [[Sylvia Owori|Sylivia Owori]] * [[Anita Beryl]] * [[Santa Anzo]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} * [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaalwa mu 1989]] [[Category:Bannayuganda Bannamisono]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abatanidisi b'emirimu ab'ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] ls7lp7khv44jtkhi64pfraqz4h1wail 0 13186 58783 53711 2026-07-04T13:25:17Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings 58783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[:en:University_of_Minnesota|Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[:en:United_Nations|ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli [[:en:Bachelor_of_Medicine|mu by'obusawo]] [[:en:Surgery|n'okulongoosa]] ne [[:en:Master's_degree|diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[:en:Medicine|by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[:en:University_of_Manitoba|yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[:en:Mulago_Hospital|ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[:en:Makerere_University_College_of_Health_Sciences|Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[:en:World_Health_Organization|kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[:en:H-index|H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe == Kambugu mufumbo ne Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wiki == * [https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa] 7yotlkx3rp3s4nunbihc58oy79rnc2p 58791 58783 2026-07-04T13:34:44Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and de-wikilinked 58791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[:en:World_Health_Organization|kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[:en:H-index|H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe == Kambugu mufumbo ne Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wiki == * [https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa] 3hdfpg0ixiw1pr8clnmmlu5inzlesqc 58794 58791 2026-07-04T13:36:49Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and de-wikilinked 58794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa] gn2p30ghx9xxum5zlkd4r32ndobinb3 58797 58794 2026-07-04T13:37:57Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked 58797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa qipe6b9l8rkmf0orhucl3zpcohyaben 58798 58797 2026-07-04T13:39:17Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1973]] astxt1fotgpo2lu00flqrj8e3n17ub6 58802 58798 2026-07-04T13:40:57Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1973]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] 74mb4l6ywny0e5e4cndshliw5a62mnn 58805 58802 2026-07-04T13:43:19Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 58805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1973]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasawo]] ifvzcotgvr53jsjho7ukdl4gxpykls2 58810 58805 2026-07-04T13:45:22Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1973]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasawo]] [[Category:Abasomesa ku Makerere University]] ah6z0y6094rh0sth3k4au2mawydz6j4 58814 58810 2026-07-04T13:49:00Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 58814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Castelnuovo |first3=Barbara |last4=Cook |first4=Bethany A. |last5=Elbireer |first5=Ali M. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Boulware |first9=David R. |date=2010 |title=Cost-Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4+ Cell Count ≤100 Cells/μL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1086/655143 |pmc=2946373 |pmid=20597693}}</ref> * Ebifaananyi by’obujjanjabi n’ebiraga obulamu mu musaayi mu bulwadde bwa siriimu obuzimba obuzimba oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis: okunoonyereza okw’ekibinja okusuubirwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Bergemann |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Rhein |first5=Joshua |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Lee |first7=Sarah J. |last8=Kambugu |first8=Andrew |last9=Janoff |first9=Edward N. |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R. |date=2010-12-21 |title=Clinical Features and Serum Biomarkers in HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome after Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000384 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3014618 |pmid=21253011 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000384}}</ref> * Ebiteebereza okulemererwa kw’akawuka okumala ebbanga eddene mu baana n’abantu abakulu mu Uganda abajjanjabwa n’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka * Obutono bw’okuzimba kw’amazzi g’omu bwongo mu kusooka mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis bukwatagana n’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri obuddirira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Bonham |first2=Shulamith C. |last3=Meya |first3=David B. |last4=Wiesner |first4=Darin L. |last5=Park |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |last7=Janoff |first7=Edward N. |last8=Bohjanen |first8=Paul R. |date=2010 |title=Paucity of Initial Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation in Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated with Subsequent Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=962–970 |doi=10.1086/655785 |issn=0022-1899 |jstor=20780210 |pmc=2924457 |pmid=20677939}}</ref> * Okukebera eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu ery’olunyiriri olwokubiri erijjanjaba siriimu mu Afrika <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paton |first=Nicholas I. |last2=Kityo |first2=Cissy |last3=Hoppe |first3=Anne |last4=Reid |first4=Andrew |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Lugemwa |first6=Abbas |last7=van Oosterhout |first7=Joep J. |last8=Kiconco |first8=Mary |last9=Siika |first9=Abraham |last10=Mwebaze |first10=Raymond |last11=Abwola |first11=Mary |date=2014-07-17 |title=Assessment of Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for HIV Therapy in Africa |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=234–247 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1311274 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=25014688 |s2cid=2031064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Okulemererwa kw’ekibumba okw’amaanyi n’ebintu eby’obulabe ebikwatagana n’okukosa ekibumba mu bantu abakulu abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu Afrika nga batandika eddagala eriweweeza ku siriimu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Andrew |last2=Stohr |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Walker |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Williams |first4=Ian G. |last5=Kityo |first5=Cissy |last6=Hughes |first6=Peter |last7=Kambugu |first7=Andrew |last8=Gilks |first8=Charles F. |last9=Mugyenyi |first9=Peter |last10=Munderi |first10=Paula |last11=Hakim |first11=James |date=2008 |title=Severe Renal Dysfunction and Risk Factors Associated with Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/316 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1086/533468 |pmid=18444867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza okulabirira nga tebalina biwandiiko mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika: Okukozesa enkola eyesigamiziddwa ku sampuli <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Odeny |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Lyamuya |first3=Rita |last4=Nakiwogga-Muwanga |first4=Alice |last5=Diero |first5=Lameck |last6=Bwana |first6=Mwebesa |last7=Braitstein |first7=Paula |last8=Somi |first8=Geoffrey |last9=Kambugu |first9=Andrew |last10=Bukusi |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Wenger |first11=Megan |last12=Neilands |first12=Torsten B. |last13=Glidden |first13=David V. |last14=Wools-Kaloustian |first14=Kara |last15=Yiannoutsos |first15=Constantin |date=2016 |title=Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/7/935/2462739 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa ebweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1973]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasawo]] [[Category:Abasomesa ku Makerere University]] 8hborekls9h5oy66jibhl36ufbglg58 58815 58814 2026-07-04T13:50:04Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 58815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Ddungu Kambugu''' Munnayuganda, musawo akola nga ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Uganda Infectious Disease Institute<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}</ref> era nga musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu Makerere University College of Sciences.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}</ref> Era ye Adjunct Associate Professor mu [[Yunivasite y'e Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFILE: Makerere University's Prof. Waiswa appointed on WHO advisory board - Education News Uganda |url=https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517041557/https://www.education.co.ug/2020/05/07/peter-waiswa-makerere-university-who/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Mu Gwomusanvu 2020, yalondebwa mu kibiina [[ky’amawanga amagatte]] ekya 2021 Food System Scientific Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Advisory Committee and Scientific Group for the 2021 Food Systems Summit |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2020-06-29/advisory-committee-and-scientific-group-for-the-2021-food-systems-summit |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=The Executive Director, Dr Andrew Kambugu named on the UN 2021 Food Systems Summit - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/dr-andrew-kambugu-named-on-un-food-systems-summit/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Kambugu yazaalibwa nga 22 Ogwokubiri 1973 mu Kampala Uganda. Yasomera ku Buganda Road Primary School, King's College Budo ku madaala ga O & A era mu 1992 yawandiisibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okusoma diguli esooka mu [[by'obusawo]] [[n'okulongoosa]] ne [[diguli eyookubiri]] mu [[by'obusawo]] ng'akuguka mu by'obusawo bw'omunda n'atikkirwa mu 1997 ne 2002. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Era mutendeke mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa okuva mu [[Yunivasite y'e Utah]] ne [[yunivasite y'e Manitoba]] okuva mu 2002 okutuuka mu 2005 era yasomerako ne ku Royal College of Physicians mu 2014.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> == Emulimu gye == Kambugu yakola okutendekebwa mu by’obusawo mu ddwaaliro lya Mulago National hospital mu Kampala (1997–98) era awerezza nga Medical Officer wa Uganda Telecom (1998–1999), nga Medical Resident mu kitongole ky’obusawo mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Makerere University]] Medical School (Ogwokkumi 1998-Ogwokkuminogumu 2002), <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu – Researchers for Global Health |url=https://www.researchersforglobalhealth.org/staff/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> ng’omusawo akolera mu Ward 4B mu [[Ddwaaliro e Mulago]] (Ogwokkuminebiri 2002 - Ogwomunaana 2005) nga akulira enteekateeka y’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba (2005–2012), <ref name="auto4" /> ng’akulira enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza (Ogwokutaano 2012- mpaka kati) era mu Gwokutaano 2013 yalondebwa nga Ssenkulu wa The Sande-McKinnell mu Infectious Disease Institute. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu |url=https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Infectious Diseases Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://idi.co.ug/andrew-kambugu/ "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu"]. ''Infectious Diseases Institute''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kambugu musomesa omukulu ow'ekitiibwa mu kitongole ky'obusawo mu [[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]] . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London) |url=https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london |website=Health Informatics Research Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://healthinformaticsresearch.mak.ac.ug/about-us/people/dr-andrew-d-kambugu-mmed-frcp-london "Dr. Andrew D Kambugu, M.Med, FRCP (London)"]. ''Health Informatics Research Group''. December 7, 2017.</cite></ref> Abadde ayogera mu nkuŋŋaana z’abasawo munda n’ebweru wa Uganda nga Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Olukungaana lw’ensi yonna olwa mukenenya, The South Africa HIV Clinicians Society (2014, 2016), Omusomo gw’ensi yonna ku siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi (2012, 2014, 2015 $2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Makerere's Dr. Kambugu named on UN 2021 food systems summit scientific group |url=https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220137/https://edge.ug/2020/07/09/makereres-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |website=edge.ug}}</ref> Kambugu akola nga omuwi w'amagezi mu [[kitongole ky'ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna]] ekivunaanyizibwa ku bujjanjabi obuziyiza akawuka okuva mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=July 1, 2020 |title=IDI's Dr. Kambugu Named on UN 2021 Food Systems Summit Scientific Group |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/07/idis-dr-kambugu-named-on-un-2021-food-systems-summit-scientific-group/ |website=Makerere University News}}</ref> == Okunoonyereza == Ajuliziddwa ng’alina [[H-Index]] ya 39, i10 index ya 120 ate ng’ajuliziddwa 6598 mu bitabo ebisukka mu 120 ebikebereddwa banne mu bitabo bya ssaayansi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cXQx_e8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Kambugu}}</ref> Mmemba w’Olukiiko lwa African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference |url=http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://interestworkshop.org/speakers/andrew-kambugu-mbchb-mmed/ "Andrew Kambugu « Interest Conference"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Global Council &#124; ACE |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov:443/research/african-centers-excellence |website=ace.niaid.nih.gov}}</ref> Ebimu ku biwandiiko bye ebisinga okujulizibwa biwandiikiddwa wansi; * Ebiseera by’obujjanjabi bw’eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka oluvannyuma lw’okuzuulibwamu obulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulware |first=David R. |last2=Meya |first2=David B. |last3=Muzoora |first3=Conrad |last4=Rolfes |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Huppler Hullsiek |first5=Katherine |last6=Musubire |first6=Abdu |last7=Taseera |first7=Kabanda |last8=Nabeta |first8=Henry W. |last9=Schutz |first9=Charlotte |last10=Williams |first10=Darlisha A. |last11=Rajasingham |first11=Radha |date=2014-06-26 |title=Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=26 |pages=2487–2498 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1312884 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=4127879 |pmid=24963568}}</ref> * Ebiva mu bulwadde bwa cryptococcal meningitis mu Uganda nga tebannaba kufuna bujjanjabi bwa antiretroviral obukola ennyo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambugu |first=Andrew |last2=Meya |first2=David B |last3=Rhein |first3=Joshua |last4=O'Brien |first4=Meagan |last5=Janoff |first5=Edward N |last6=Ronald |first6=Allan R |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R |last8=Mayanja-Kizza |first8=Harriet |author-link8=Harriet Mayanja-Kizza |last9=Sande |first9=Merle A |last10=Bohjanen |first10=Paul R |last11=Boulware |first11=David R |date=2008-06-01 |title=Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1694–1701 |doi=10.1086/587667 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=2593910 |pmid=18433339}}</ref> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa mu balwadde abalina akawuka ka siriimu mu bifo ebiri obubi: amagezi agagenda okuvaayo n’endagiriro empya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Elvin H. |last2=Nash |first2=Denis |last3=Kambugu |first3=Andrew |last4=Zhang |first4=Yao |last5=Braitstein |first5=Paula |last6=Christopoulos |first6=Katerina A. |last7=Muyindike |first7=Winnie |last8=Bwana |first8=Mwebesa Bosco |last9=Yiannoutsos |first9=Constantin T. |last10=Petersen |first10=Maya L. |last11=Martin |first11=Jeffrey N. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 |issn=1548-3576 |pmc=3021803 |pmid=20820972}}</ref> * Ebisale by’okukebera antigen mu musaayi (serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening) okuziyiza okufa mu bantu abalina akawuka ka siriimu abalina omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ ≤100 Cells/ ''μ'' L Abatandika obujjanjabi bwa siriimu mu mbeera ezitali za bikozesebwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meya |first=David B. |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. 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* Akafuba immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mu nsi ezirina eby’obugagga ebitono <ref name="CauseSpecific">{{Cite journal |last=Castelnuovo |first=Barbara |last2=Manabe |first2=Yukari C. |last3=Kiragga |first3=Agnes |last4=Kamya |first4=Moses |last5=Easterbrook |first5=Philippa |last6=Kambugu |first6=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Cause-Specific Mortality and the Contribution of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the First 3 Years after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in an Urban African Cohort |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1086/605500 |issn=1058-4838 |jstor=27799241 |pmid=19673615 |s2cid=19822326}}</ref> * Okufa okusinziira ku nsonga n’omugabo gw’obulwadde bw’okuzimba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu myaka 3 egisooka oluvannyuma lw’okutandika eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu kibinja ky’Abafirika mu bibuga <ref name="CauseSpecific" /> * Okusigala mu kulabirirwa n‟ensonga eziloopebwa abalwadde ez‟okukyusa oba okuyimiriza 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Diseases |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=935–944 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1004 |pmc=4787603 |pmid=26679625 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> * Okukkiriza mu kuwonyezebwa okw’obwakatonda kuyinza okuba ekiziyiza okunywerera ku ddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka mu Uganda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanyama |first=Jane |last2=Castelnuovo |first2=Barbara |last3=Wandera |first3=Bonnie |last4=Mwebaze |first4=Patricia |last5=Kambugu |first5=Andrew |last6=Bangsberg |first6=David R. |last7=Kamya |first7=Moses R. |date=2007-07-11 |title=Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda |journal=AIDS |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1486–1487 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=17589198 |s2cid=7250684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Kambugu mufumbo eri Joyce Balagadde-Kambugu era balina abaana babiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Dr. Andrew Kambugu - INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE |url=https://idi.mak.ac.ug/andrew-kambugu/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa ebweru wa Wikipedia == * Omukutu gw’ekitongole ky’endwadde ezisiigibwa [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1973]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasawo]] [[Category:Abasomesa ku Makerere University]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Masekkati ga Uganda]] lzrtvts7wh03fojqiky92kcfzx81snv 0 13208 58957 58539 2026-07-04T22:15:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big> [[Munnayuganda]], omukugu mu by’enfuna era akola nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]] , ekifo ky'eyalimu okuva mu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuuka nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abanyankole]] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] p8ssjm7ko0f40t2vv1ibgbmnokm8g1h 0 13799 58956 58240 2026-07-04T22:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Karim Watambala''' (yazaalibwa nga 3 Ogwokusatu 2000) Munnayuganda omuzannyi w'omupiira ogw'ekikugu era azannyira mu makkati mu [[Kiraabu ya Vipers SC|Vipers SC]] mu liigi ya Uganda Premier.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Vipers Sports |date=2023-07-05 |title=Karim Watambala extends stay at Vipers |url=https://viperssc.co.ug/2023/07/05/karim-watambala-extends-stay-at-vipers/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Vipers SC Official Website |language=en-GB |archive-date=2026-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209172021/https://viperssc.co.ug/2023/07/05/karim-watambala-extends-stay-at-vipers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=2025-04-03 |title=Watambala wins it for Vipers against resilient Lugazi at Kitende |url=https://kawowo.com/2025/04/03/watambala-wins-it-for-vipers-against-resilient-lugazi-at-kitende/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Vipers agree new contract with Watambala |url=https://swiftsportsug.com/2025/07/14/vipers-agree-new-contract-with-watambala/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Swift Sports Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okuzannyira kiraabu == === Vipers SC === Watambala yakuzibwa okuva mu ttiimu ya St.Mary's SS Kitende okudda mu Vipers SC ey'abakulu mu sizoni ya 2019-2020. Yakola kyamaanyi okuyambako ttiimu eno okuwangula ekikopo kya Uganda Premier League mu sizoni ye esooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-03 |title=Special Report: The meteoric rise of Karim Watambala |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/special-report-the-meteoric-rise-of-karim-watambala/ |url-status= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=FUFA}}</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2023, Watambala yakola endagaano empya ey’okwongezaayo emyaka ebiri ne Vipers SC, n’asigala okutuuka mu 2025. Azannye emipiira gya liigi 72, n’ateeba ggoolo 7, omuli n’okuteeba ggoolo enkulu ey’ekyenkanyi bwe baali bazannya [[BUL Jinja FC|BUL FC]] ekyagiyamba okuwangula ekikopo kya sizoni ya 2023-2024.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0">Club, Vipers Sports (2023-07-05). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260209172021/https://viperssc.co.ug/2023/07/05/karim-watambala-extends-stay-at-vipers/ "Karim Watambala extends stay at Vipers"]. ''Vipers SC Official Website''. Retrieved 2025-08-15.</ref> == Okuzannya ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Watambala yayitibwa ku ttiimu y’eggwanga omulundi ogwasooka mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu abalizannya empaka z’amawanga ga Afirika eza 2020, oluvannyuma lw’okwolesa omutindo mu sizoni ye eyasooka mu Vipers SC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Isaac |date=2019-10-14 |title=CHAN 2020: Watambala Gets Maiden Cranes Call Up |url=https://chimpreports.com/chan-2020-watambala-gets-maiden-cranes-call-up/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> Nga 13, Ogwekkuminoogumu 2020, lwe yasooka okuzannyira [[Uganda Cranes ettiimu y'eggwanga|ttiimu ya Uganda ey’abakulu]] mu mupiira gw’okusunsulamu abalizannya ekikopo kya Afirika ne [[South Sudan]], y’ayingizibwamu oluvannyuma, mu mupiira gwe bawangula ggoolo 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Vipers Sports |date=2020-11-13 |title=Watambala delighted to make Cranes senior debut |url=https://viperssc.co.ug/2020/11/13/watambala-delighted-to-make-cranes-senior-debut/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Vipers SC Official Website |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ebitiibwa == === Vipers SC === * Uganda Premier League: 2019-2020, 2021-2022, 2022-2023, 2023-2024<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Damba |first=Allan |date=2025-07-15 |title=Karim Watambala: Midfielder Set For Contract Extension |url=https://nbssport.co.ug/2025/07/15/karim-watambala-midfielder-set-for-contract-extension/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=NBS Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> * Uganda Cup: 2019-2020, 2022-2023, 2024-2025<ref name=":2" /> == Laba ne == * [[Allan Okello, Muzannyi wa Mupiira|Allan Okello]] * [[Reagan Mpande]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bazannyi b'omupiira Abannayuganda]] [[Category:Bannabyamizanyo Abanayuganda ab'ekyasa ky'abiri mwekimu]] [[Category:Abazaalwa mu 2000]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abazannyi ba kiraabu ya Vipers SC]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abasajja abasambira wabweru we Ggwanga]] [[Category:Bannabyamizanyo aabava mu Buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abazannyi b'omupiira abazannya amakkati]] 739svculzorpc27vmhcwzqlj9u488eb 0 14039 58953 54644 2026-07-04T22:01:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 58953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive --> {{Year in Uganda|2025}} Events in the year '''2025 in [[Uganda]]'''. == Incumbents == * [[President of Uganda|President]]: [[Yoweri Museveni]] * [[Vice President of Uganda|Vice president]]: [[Jessica Alupo]] * [[Prime Minister of Uganda|Prime minister]]: [[Robinah Nabbanja]] ==Events== ===January=== * 30 January – The first fatality from [[Sudan ebolavirus]] in Uganda since 2022 is reported in a nurse at the [[Mulago National Specialised Hospital|Mulago Hospital]] in [[Kampala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-ebola-case-kampala-nurse-health-symptoms-762d73117fda1220f9907ad54295f1ef |title=Hospital nurse dies in Uganda in first Ebola virus outbreak since 2022, health ministry says |first=Rodney |last=Muhumuza |date=30 January 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025 |publisher=AP News}}</ref> The subsequent [[2025 Uganda Ebola outbreak|outbreak]] is declared over by Ugandan authorities on 26 April with a total of 14 cases and four deaths reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/26/uganda-declares-end-to-latest-ebola-outbreak |title=Uganda declares end to latest Ebola outbreak |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> * 31 January – The [[Supreme Court of Uganda]] rules against the practice of trying civilians before military courts following an appeal by former opposition MP [[Michael Kabaziguruka]]. However, the [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] announces that it would continue trying opposition leader [[Kizza Besigye]] on treason charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250201-military-trial-of-uganda-opposition-leader-to-continue-despite-court-ruling |title=Military trial of Uganda opposition leader to continue despite court ruling |date=30 January 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> ===March=== * 13 March – [[2025 Kawempe North by-election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=EC Announces Date for Kawempe North By-election as March 13, 2025 |url=https://ankoletimes.co.ug/news/ec-announces-date-for-kawempe-north-by-election-as-march-13-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=The Ankole Times |language=en-US}}</ref> * 14 March – A court in the United Kingdom convicts [[High Court of Uganda]] judge and United Nations judicial officer [[Lydia Mugambe]] of human trafficking and conspiracy to intimidate a victim in a case of a young Ugandan woman whom she had brought to the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Ugandan judge convicted in UK human trafficking case |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/03/14/ugandan-judge-convicted-in-uk-human-trafficking-case/ |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=Africanews |language=en-US}}</ref> === May === * 20 May – [[Parliament of Uganda|Parliament]] passes a bill authorizing [[Court-martial|military trials]] for civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enoch |first=Muwanguzi |date=2025-05-21 |title=The UPDF Amendment Bill 2025 Explained – Passed Despite Outcry - Nymy Net |url=https://nymynet.com/the-updf-amendment-bill-2025-explained-passed-despite-outcry/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Nymy Net |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda confirms military trials for civilians despite Supreme Court ruling |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/20/uganda-confirms-military-trials-for-civilians-despite-supreme-court-ruling |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> === June === * 3 June – Two suspected militants are killed in a bombing attempt on a Catholic shrine in [[Munyonyo]], [[Kampala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda: Two suspected terrorists killed in blast near church |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/06/03/uganda-two-suspected-terrorists-killed-in-blast-near-church/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=Africanews |date=3 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 5 June – The [[World Bank]] lifts a ban on granting loans to Uganda that it imposed in 2023 following the passage of [[LGBTQ rights in Uganda|anti-LGBT legislation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank U-turn ends loan ban to Uganda over gay rights |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd62pn1l31xo |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=BBC |date=6 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 10 June – The [[European Union]] removes Uganda from its list of high risk jurisdictions for money laundering and terrorism financing.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU removes Philippines from 'high-risk' money-laundering list, adds Monaco |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/business/2025/6/12/eu-removes-philippines-from-high-risk-money-laundering-list-adds-monaco-1432 |access-date=June 12, 2025 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN]] |date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> * 16 June – [[Yoweri Museveni]] signs the [[Uganda People's Defence Force|Uganda Peoples' Defence Forces]] Act 2025, reintroducing military trials for civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-16 |title=Uganda leader signs law reintroducing military trials of civilians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-leader-signs-law-reintroducing-military-trials-civilians-2025-06-16/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === July === * 10 July – Eighteen people are injured in clashes between Sudanese and South Sudanese refugees at the [[Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clashes between refugee groups in Ugandan camp leave 18 injured |url=https://sudantribune.com/article302751/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=11 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 12 July – Uganda reopens its border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo following a six-month closure caused by the [[2025 Goma offensive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda reopens border with M23-held eastern DRC |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/12/uganda-reopens-border-with-m23-held-eastern-drc/ |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Africanews |date=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 12 July – A Sudanese refugee is killed in an attack blamed on South Sudanese refugees at the [[Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudanese refugee killed in Uganda camp attack amid aid tensions |url=https://sudantribune.com/article302820/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 14 July – President Museveni orders the suspension of dual citizenship applications for Sudanese and Rwandan nationals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda halts dual citizenship for Sudanese |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/uganda-to-halt-dual-citizenship-for-sudanese |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Radio Dabanga |date=15 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 28 July – At least four South Sudanese soldiers are killed in clashes with Ugandan soldiers along the South Sudan–Uganda border near the [[West Nile sub-region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2025 |title=Border clash between Ugandan, South Sudanese troops kills at least four |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/30/border-clash-between-ugandan-south-sudanese-troops-kills-at-least-four |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=Al Jazeera|language=en-US}}</ref> ===August=== * 21 August – Uganda announces an agreement to host deportees from the United States with no criminal record and are not [[unaccompanied minor]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Uganda agrees deal with US to take deported migrants if they don't have criminal records |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-us-deportation-migrants-immigration-crackdown-trump-15edfb4d80677c51c56beb8ab5130cd4 |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=AP News |language=en-US}}</ref> ===September=== * 9 September – The war crimes trial of [[Lord's Resistance Army]] commander [[Joseph Kony]] begins in the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC hears war crimes case against Ugandan rebel leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1kwe02vyvdo |website=BBC |date=9 September 2025}}</ref> * 23-24 September – The Electoral Commission nominates eight candidates, including President Museveni and [[Bobi Wine]], ahead of the [[2026 Ugandan general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Uganda Presidential Candidates 2026 Nominated: Key Election Details & Candidate Profiles |work=Nymy Net |url=https://nymynet.com/uganda-presidential-candidates-2026-nominated-key-election-details-candidate-profiles/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === October === * 22 October – Two buses collide head-on on the [[Kampala–Gulu Highway]] in [[Kiryandongo]], killing at least 46 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biryabarema |first=Elias |date=22 October 2025 |title=Ugandan police lower death toll from major bus crash to 46 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/63-people-killed-uganda-road-accident-police-say-2025-10-22/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2025 |title=More than 40 dead after multi-vehicle crash in Uganda |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgql9lwddw5o |access-date=October 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> === November === * 3 November – At least 18 people are reported killed while 20 others are reported missing following landslides in the [[Eastern Region, Uganda|Eastern Region]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 3, 2025 |title=Agony for families as landslide death toll climbs in Uganda and Kenya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyv8g28zd7mo |access-date=November 4, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> * 6 November – The ICC confirms charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity against [[Joseph Kony]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=ICC judges confirm charges against Ugandan rebel leader Joseph Kony |url=https://apnews.com/article/icc-court-judges-uganda-rebel-kony-d8363510e469b0eb7ca53be219bc1efa |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=AP News |language=en-US}}</ref> * 8 November – Two Kenyan activists abducted by armed men after attending a rally by [[Bobi Wine]] on 1 October are released and repatriated after President Museveni announces that they had been arrested for plotting to overthrow him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Kenyan activists released from Ugandan detention after Museveni confirms arrest |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-kenyan-activists-museveni-142d6e10223d026e685f28b520d332db |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=AP News |language=en-US}}</ref> === December === * 3 December – [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] priest Deusdedit Ssekabira is reportedly kidnapped in [[Masaka]] by men in [[Uganda People's Defence Force|Ugandan army]] uniforms; the military later confirms he is in custody facing charges related to violent subversive activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Deusdedit Ssekabira: Ugandan army admits holding priest who'd been missing for days |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gkjppk48eo |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> * 19 December – Prison officer Lawrence Ampe is dismissed from the [[Uganda Prisons Service]] for breaching standing orders after using [[TikTok]] to criticise the government, and promote opposition politician [[Bobi Wine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Lawrence Ampe: Uganda prison officer sacked for 'politicking' on TikTok |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy842jdw98vo |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Sports== * 13 September 2024 – 24 May 2025 – [[2024–25 Uganda Premier League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/sports/uganda-premier-league-who-will-stop-sc-villa-NV_196143|title=Uganda Premier League: Who will stop SC Villa?|first=Hope|last=Ampurire|date=19 September 2024|access-date=7 December 2024|publisher=NewVision}}</ref> * 8–19 July – [[2025 Rugby Africa Cup]] in [[Kampala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/20/zimbabwe-stuns-namibia-to-qualify-for-rugby-world-cup-for-first-time-since-1991/ |title=Zimbabwe stuns Namibia to qualify for Rugby World Cup for first time since 1991 |website=Africanews |date=20 July 2025 |accessdate=20 July 2025}}</ref> * 2–30 August – [[2024 African Nations Championship]] (co-hosted)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sports |first=Pulse |date=2023-09-28 |title=Revealed: East Africa ready to host CHAN 2024 as dress rehearsal for AFCON 2027 |url=https://www.pulsesports.co.ke/football/story/revealed-east-africa-ready-to-host-chan-2024-as-dress-rehearsal-for-afcon-2027-2023092814022979596 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Pulse Sports Kenya |language=en}}</ref> ==Holidays== {{Further|Public holidays in Uganda}} {{small|Source}}:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publicholidays.africa/uganda/2025-dates/ |title=Uganda Public Holidays 2025 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=Public Holidays Global |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207185732/https://publicholidays.africa/uganda/2025-dates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1 January – [[New Year's Day]] * 26 January – [[Liberation Day]] * 16 February – [[Archbishop Janani Luwum Day]] * 8 March – [[International Women's Day]] * 30 March – [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramadan Bairam Holiday]] * 18 April – [[Good Friday]] * 20 April – [[Easter Sunday]] * 21 April – [[Easter Monday]] * 1 May – [[Labour Day]] * 3 June – [[Uganda Martyrs|Uganda Martyrs' Day]] * 6 June – [[Eid al-Adha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Odwako O. |date=2023-06-29 |title=Eid in Uganda 2025: How Eid Al-Adha is Celebrated in Uganda - Nymy Net |url=https://nymynet.com/eid-al-adha-mubarak-in-uganda-2/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Nymy Net |language=en-GB}}</ref> * 9 June – [[Heroes' Day|National Heroes' Day]] * 9 October – [[Independence Day (Uganda)|Independence Day]] * 25 December – [[Christmas Day]] * 26 December – [[Boxing Day]] == See also == {{div col}} *[[International Conference on the Great Lakes Region]] {{end div col}} == Deaths == * 9 January: ** [[Margaret Baba Diri]], 70, politician, [[Parliament of Uganda|MP]] (since 1996).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Former Koboko Woman MP Margaret Baba Diri dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/former-koboko-woman-mp-margaret-baba-diri-dead/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[Muhammad Ssegirinya]], 37, politician, [[Parliament of Uganda|MP]] (since 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=MP Ssegirinya dies at 37 |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-ssegirinya-dies-at-37-4883142 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> * 14 July: [[George Kanyeihamba]], 85, justice of the [[Supreme Court of Uganda|Supreme Court]] (1997–2009).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wesaka |first1=Anthony |last2=Ajuna |first2=David Josh |title=Retired Supreme Court judge George Kanyeihamba dies |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/retired-supreme-court-judge-george-kanyeihamba-dies-5117308 |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=Monitor |date=14 July 2025}}</ref> * 11 August: [[Mary Karooro Okurut]], 70, [[Parliament of Uganda|MP]] (since 2004).<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Minister Mary Karoro Okurut Dies at 70 |url=https://pmldaily.com/news/2025/08/former-minister-and-author-mary-karoro-okurut-dies-at-70.html |access-date=12 August 2025 |publisher=PML Daily |date=11 August 2025}}</ref> * 22 October: [[Charles Martin Wamika]], 72, Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Diocese of Jinja|Jinja]] (since 2010).<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Mukasa |date=2025-10-22 |title=Catholic Bishop of Jinja, Rt. Rev. Charles Martin Wamika has Passed on |url=https://kalisho.info/catholic-bishop-of-jinja-rt-rev-charles-martin-wamika-has-passed-on/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Kalisho Info |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/?year=2025&country=139 Online calendar] {{Years in Uganda}} {{Year in Africa|2025}} [[Category:2025 in Uganda| ]] [[Category:2020s in Uganda]] [[Category:2025 in Africa|Uganda]] [[Category:2025 by country|Uganda]] [[Category:Years of the 21st century in Uganda]] cwzeyr2tgguo24iyq27b66lved984w0 14 14373 59007 57178 2026-07-05T02:28:01Z EmausBot 1052 Fixing double redirect from [[Category:Abakyala abayimbi Bannayuganda]] to [[Category:Abayimbi abakyala Bannayuganda]] 59007 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[:Category:Abayimbi abakyala Bannayuganda]] 4kxgaygay0uj4bhd2o68jxigzj0r6kd 0 14472 59009 58073 2026-07-05T04:20:33Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khalifah Aganaga''' (yazaalibwa '''Sadat Mukiibi''' nga 3 Ogwokusatu 1990) muyimbi wa [[dancehall]] ne [[Afrobeat]] [[Yuganda|Omunnayuganda]], [[Songwriter|omuwandiisi w'ennyimba]], pulodyusa, era munnabyabufuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NewVision |date=2023-08-18 |title=Ent. & Lifestyle: Khalifa Aganaga gets nine-year Canada visa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/entertainment/khalifa-aganaga-gets-nine-year-canada-visa-NV_167851_062026 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Vision |title=Covid 19: Five things singer Aganaga can't do without |url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Yayitimuka oluvannyuma lw'okufulumya ennyimba nga Mina Konda, Ndabirawa, Oyitangayo, Kiboko ft [[Jose Chameleone]] n'olw'okwenyigira mu by'okusanyusa Bannayuganda. Ono muwanguzi w’engule eziwerako nga Zzina Awards, Buzz Teeniez awards. Era abadde akolera wansi record label ye eya ''Bad Character Studios'' era awandiikidde abayimbi ba Uganda abawerako ennyimba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NINSIIMA |first=JULIAN |title=VIDEO: Singer Aganaga opens recording studio - PML Daily |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2018/11/video-singer-aganaga-opens-recording-studio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521133741/https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2018/11/video-singer-aganaga-opens-recording-studio.html |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=pmldaily.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Yali yeesimbyewo mu kulonda kw'omubaka wa Kawempe North mu kamyufu ka [[Forum for Democratic Change (FDC)|Forum for Democratic Change]] (FDC) mu 2025.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lyatuu |first=Justus |date=2018-10-25 |title=Yes, I do weed – Khalifa Aganaga |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle-entertainment/yes-i-do-weed-khalifa-aganaga/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=The Observer Media Ltd |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Isaac |date=2025-02-05 |title=FDC Nominates Musician Kalifah Aganaga for Kawempe North MP By-Election |url=https://chimpreports.com/fdc-nominates-musician-kalifah-aganaga-for-kawempe-north-mp-by-election/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Aganaga: FDC gamble with big shoe that wasn’t |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aganaga-fdc-gamble-with-big-shoe-that-wasn-t-4975548 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Khalifah yazaalibwa era n’akulira e Kabowa, mu bitundu by’e [[Kampala]], Uganda, gye yakuzibwa maama ali obwannamunigina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=BigEyeUg |date=2013-07-31 |title=STAR PROFILE: AGANAGA KHALIFAH |url=https://bigeye.ug/star-profile-aganaga-khalifah/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=BigEye.UG |language=en-US}}</ref> Yagenda mu ssomero lya St Aloysius primary school okusoma pulayimale nga tannaba kwegatta ku Kawanda Secondary School okusoma O-Level ne A-Level.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu == === Okuyimba === Aganaga yatandika olugendo lwe olw’okuyimba mu 2012 nga kigambibwa nti yakozesa ssente z’okusoma okufulumya oluyimba lwe olwasooka, ''Mina Konda''.<ref name=":0" /> Oluyimba luno lwakubibwa nnyo ku leediyo ne ttivvi, ne lumuyamba okuyitimuka mu kisaawe ky'okuyimba mu Uganda. Oluvannyuma yakolagana ne Twinkle Star Agency wansi wa maneja Emma Carlos, ekyamuyamba okuyitimuka amangu.<ref name=":0" /> === Eby'obufuzi === Mu 2021, Aganaga yayingira eby'obufuzi bya Uganda ng’avuganya ku kifo kya palamenti ekya Rubaga South, wadde nga teyawangula.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=Singer Kalifah Aganaga handed FDC flag for Kawempe North by-election |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/kalifah-aganaga-handed-fdc-flag-for-kawempe-north-by-election-2025020509023126799 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />[[Olukiiko olw'Enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi bwa demokulasiya|​]] Mu 2025, yasunsulwa [[Forum For Democratic Change (FDC)]] okuvuganya ku bwa mmemba wa palamenti owa Kawempe North mu kalulu akaddibwamu<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ennyimba ze == === Ng'ali yekka === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> * Mina Konda * Ndabirawa * Oyitangayo * Jangu * Business * Katono * Woman * Nassanga (The Best I Know) * Mukidongo * Sigwe Asose * Zilye * Kyusaamu * Nkulowozako * KAWAIDA * Expensive * Ananipa (Emotions) * Halo * Toyinza * Fumita Emboozi * Sibafanana * Cinema === Ng'ali naabalala === * Gudi Gude - Radio & Weasel ft. Khalifah Aganaga * Ssaagala - Spice Diana ft. Khalifah Aganaga * Katono Remix - Khalifah Aganaga * Nkusaba One Day - ft. Khalifah Aganaga * Bambo - Khalifah Aganaga == Awaadi n'okusunsulwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Award !Year !Status !Awarder |- |Best Male Breakthrough Artist |2014 |Won |HiPipo Music Awards<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=Bebe bags six trophies at hipipo music awards |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/entertainment/bebe-bags-six-trophies-at-hipipo-music-awards-1565344 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> |- |Teeniez Dancehall Artist |2014 |Won |Buzz Teeniez Awards<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Hip hop dominates Teeniez awards |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/hip-hop-dominates-teeniez-awards-1490980 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> |- |Teeniez Hottest Collabo |2015 |Won |Buzz Teeniez Awards<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=FULL LIST: Buzz Teeniez Awards Winners|url=https://www.howwe.ug/news/entertainment/25277/full-list-buzz-teeniez-awards-winners|access-date=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> |- |Teeniez Hottest Riddim |2015 |Won |Buzz Teeniez Awards<ref name=":5" /> |- |Inspirational Song of the Year |2016 |Won |Zzina Awards (Galaxy FM)<ref name=":5" /> |- |Best Hip Hop Song |2017 |Won |HiPipo Music Awards |} == Laba ne == * [[Okuyimba mu Uganda]] * [[Olukalala lw'abayimbi abannayuganda]] * [[Jose Chameleone|Jose Chameleon]] * [[Forum for Democratic Change (FDC)]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abayimbi abasajja Bannayuganda]] 3hcsldzcjndk1cfh7j5wqus7qrfu829 14 14662 58734 2026-07-04T12:26:33Z Kinenkey 10423 Ntonzeewo etuluba lya "1989 okuzaalibwal" 58734 wikitext text/x-wiki Olupapula lwaabo abazaalibwa mu 1989 mjc51r0si4gig9p9hj7x173pqasiuo9 14 14663 58735 2026-07-04T12:28:35Z Kinenkey 10423 Ntonzeewo etuluba lya "Abayimbi abasajja ba Uganda mu kyasa 21" 58735 wikitext text/x-wiki Etuluba ly' 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